Skip to main content
Download PDF

Long-term outcome of renal cell carcinoma in patients with HIV who undergo surgery

BMC Infectious Diseases volume 22, Article number: 605 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

People living with HIV (PLWH) have a higher risk for cancer compared to the general population. The prevalence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in PLWH has gradually increased in recent years, but relevant data on outcomes after surgery are scarce. We thus evaluated long-term outcomes after surgery in RCC patients with and without HIV.

Methods

This retrospective study included 67 patients with RCC, both HIV positive or negative, who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital between January 2012 and January 2021. Demographic details, clinical data, and cancer status were collected. We set the day of surgery as the baseline. The co-primary end points in this time-to-event analysis were overall survival and progression-free survival. We used a multivariate Cox model to compare the prognosis of PLWH and HIV-negative patients and present Kaplan–Meier curves for the co-primary end points.

Results

Of 261 consecutive patients, 18 patients who forwent treatment before surgery, 133 cases with incomplete data, 16 patients classified as clinical stage IV, 11 PLWH patients did not received antiretroviral therapy and 16 patients with metastasis were excluded from the main analysis. Of the remaining 67 patients, 33 individuals had HIV and the other 34 did not. The median overall survival was 74.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 64.6 to 85.2) in PLWH and 96.4 months (95% CI = 90.0 to 102.9) in the HIV-negative group. Progression-free survival was 66.4 months (95% CI = 53.5 to 79.3) and 90.6 months (95% CI = 81.1 to 100.1), respectively. RCC patients with HIV who underwent surgery had a shorter survival time (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1 to 7.0, p = 0.016) and an increased incidence of tumor progression (HR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.1 to 6.8, p = 0.028). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that a lower ratio of CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells (adjusted odds ratio = 0.092, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.70, p = 0.022) was associated with worse survival among PLWH.

Conclusion

In this retrospective analysis of RCC patients who underwent surgery, PLWH had worse overall survival and shorter progression-free survival compared to HIV-negative cases.

Highlights

First Chinese study of HIV and RCC.

Prognostic risk factor in PLWH with RCC.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

At the end of 2017, there were 758,610 people living with HIV/AIDS in China, of whom 134,512 had been newly diagnosed that same year [1]. The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to decreased mortality from opportunistic infectious diseases. This has improved survival and reduced the frequency of HIV-associated illnesses and complications of AIDS in people living with HIV (PLWH) [2, 3], who are at elevated risk for developing several types of cancer. Since the 1990s, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has defined Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and cervical cancer as AIDS-defining cancers [4]. In an age without widespread use of ART, active management of other non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) was less common, for the life expectancy of PLWH was relatively short [5]. As survival has improved [6,7,8], NADCs have consistently been reported, as reflected in the higher risk for cancer in PLWH compared to the general population [9].

In a large meta-analysis of seven population-based HIV cancer studies that involved more than 400,000 HIV-positive patients, the standardized incidence ratio for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23 to 1.83) in PLWH [10]. However, most data on risk for NADCs derive from Western countries; relatively few studies have addressed this risk in Asian people. Surgery is the preferred option for treating RCC, and the prevalence of laparoscopic surgery and nephron-sparing surgery is gradually increasing [11]. Yet it remains unknown whether PLWH who undergo surgery for RCC exhibit a different clinical outcome compared to HIV-negative individuals with RCC. Clinical features such as level of serum albumin and tumor size have been reported as risk factors affect renal cell carcinoma outcomes in general population[12,13,14,15,16]. Moreover, the ratio of CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells (CD4+/CD8+ ratio) was also recently reported to be a prognostic marker for other NADCs [17]. We wondered whether PLWH with NADCs have worse outcomes than HIV-negative population and whether the factors above influence their prognosis. Thus, we studied RCC patients referred to our hospital to compare long-term overall survival and progression-free survival between PLWH and patients without HIV and explore potential factors influencing outcomes.

Methods

Patients and characteristics

This study included PLWH and HIV-negative patients with RCC who presented at the Department of Urology in Beijing Youan Hospital from January 2012 to December 2014 and who were followed by telephone until January 2021. Our study was approved by the Youan institutional ethics committee, and patients’ clinical data came from electronic health records in the hospital information system. All patients remained anonymous, and informed consent was waived.

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Patients were 18 years of age or older, had localized RCC, and could adopt surgery; (2) the PLWH group met the diagnostic criteria for adult HIV/AIDS developed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; (3) procedures complied with the 2019 revised RCC tumor-node metastasis staging published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer [18]; (4) patients had a postoperative pathological diagnosis and clinical stage I–III renal cancer; and (5) PLWH had received ART for at least 4 months prior to surgery.

The exclusion criteria were as follows: Patients (1) did not have ART or did not keep scheduled visits, (2) had a first-time diagnosis of RCC and an existing metastatic tumor, (3) did not undergo surgery, or (4) had incomplete data.

Data on demographic features and clinical characteristics were retrospectively collected, including age, gender, CD4+ T cell count and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, laboratory serum tests, pathologic features, Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Karnofsky performance status (KPS), and Leibovich score. Overall survival and progression-free survival (according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1, by CT from our hospital or from local hospitals) were calculated from the date of surgery to the time of death or last follow-up.

The GPS was calculated from the level of albumin and C-reactive protein as previously reported [19]. The CCI was scored according to 19 preoperative comorbidities [20]. The KPS was used to quickly quantify the general health of the patient and his or her ability to perform daily activities [15, 21]. The Leibovich score 2003 is a scoring algorithm based on these features that can be used to predict disease progression after surgery for clinically localized RCC [22].

End point

The primary end point was calculated from the day of surgery to death or tumor progression. If patients died after tumor progression, the timing of the primary end point was defined as the length of time between the date of surgery and the progression of the tumor. Disease progression was based on investigator review and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1. We censored patients who were lost to follow-up or who were last known to be alive at data cutoff.

Data and analysis

We estimated that in a test of significance, a sample size of 70 patients would provide 75% power to detect a hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival of 0.5 with a favorable outcome in HIV-negative patients over PLWH at a two-sided alpha level of 0.05 (Additional file 1: Fig. S1).

Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Significant differences among groups were determined by analysis of variance, and differences between two independent groups were evaluated with Student’s t test. We also estimated HRs and 95% CIs between groups using Cox regression models. Dynamic change in overall and progression-free survival is presented via Kaplan–Meier curves. Cox regression was also used to analyze correlations between patient characteristics and survival. Variables that were significant at p < 0.05 in the univariate analysis and those previously considered critical were considered meaningful and were included in the Cox regression analyses.

Results

Of the 3259 patients who were managed by the Department of Urology in Beijing Youan Hospital between January 2012 and December 2014, 261 received a diagnosis of RCC. As expected, RCC patients with metastasis had a worse survival time compared to patients without metastasis (Additional file 2: Fig. S2). Patients with early-stage cancer (I–III) underwent surgery. Ultimately, 67 patients met the study criteria: 33 PLWH and 34 HIV-negative patients (Fig. 1). Demographic data and clinical characteristics are presented in Table 1. Most RCC was clear cell carcinoma. Creatinine (77.1 ± 18.8 vs. 85.7 ± 12.9, p = 0.032), hemoglobin (113.6 ± 12.6 vs. 139.3 ± 20.8, p = 0.001), and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio (0.68 ± 0.40 vs. 0.86 ± 0.33 p = 0.041) were lower among PLWH. No other significant differences in clinical features were found between the groups at baseline.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flow chart of data collection and analysis

Full size image
Table 1 General clinical characteristics and tumor status
Full size table

Kaplan–Meier curves of overall survival and progression-free survival are shown in Fig. 2. During a median follow-up of 73.5 months, the median overall survival time was 74.9 months (95% CI = 64.6 to 85.2) in the PLWH group and 96.4 months (95% CI = 90.0 to 102.9) in the HIV-negative group. Progression-free survival was 66.4 months (95% CI = 53.5 to 79.3) and 90.6 months (95% CI = 81.1 to 100.1), respectively. RCC patients with HIV who underwent surgery had a shorter survival time (HR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1 to 7.0, p = 0.016) and a higher incidence of tumor progression (HR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.1 to 6.8, p = 0.028).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Kaplan–Meier analysis of overall and progression-free survival for the PLWH group (blue line) and HIV-negative group (red line). Shown are Kaplan–Meier estimates of overall survival A and progression-free survival B according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1. CI confidence interval

Full size image

Hemoglobin, serum albumin and creatinine, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and tumor size were entered into Cox regression analyses (Table 2). Univariate and multivariate Cox logistic regression analyses showed that the lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio (adjusted odds ratio = 0.092, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.70, p = 0.022) was associated with worse survival among PLWH. The results of a bivariate analysis with scatter plot between the CD4+/CD8+ ratio and overall survival in PLWH are shown in Additional file 3: Fig. S3.

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for overall survival
Full size table

Discussion

In this retrospective study, we enrolled a cohort of PLWH diagnosed with RCC who were treated in our hospital, a specialized hospital for infectious diseases. After patients underwent surgery, we performed long-term follow-up by telephone until 2021. We investigated numerous clinical features, including tumor status, demographic information, and laboratory tests (e.g., creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albumin, hemoglobin, and C-reactive protein). PLWH with NADCs may be at greater risk for postoperative complications and infection than the general population and may have tumors that are larger or more advanced at diagnosis [4, 23]. Tumor size was previously shown to be closely related to outcomes in patients with RCC in the general population. Serum albumin has been used in a number of RCC studies in the general population to predict prognosis [15, 22]. However, there was no difference in tumor size or albumin at baseline or surgical complications between the two groups in this study, although there was slightly lower serum creatinine and relatively lower hemoglobin in the PLWH group. Neither creatinine nor hemoglobin has been shown to be clearly associated with RCC prognosis in studies of the general (HIV-negative) population [14, 24, 25], and are probably coincidental factors here. Compared to HIV-negative patients, PLWH had a significantly worse prognosis in terms of both overall survival and progression-free survival.

Previous studies of the relationship between HIV and tumors have mainly focused on the disparity in the incidence of cancer among people living with and without HIV. Data on the prognosis following surgery in PLWH with malignancy are limited. In a national cohort, short-term outcomes after surgical lung resection did not differ significantly between lung cancer patients with and without HIV well managed with ART medication [26]. Another study reported that HIV status did not adversely affect outcomes in African patients with head and neck cancer [27], but this conclusion was limited by the suboptimal medical treatment received by all participants in local areas. Wang et al. [23] suggested that HIV viral load and CD4+ T cell counts may affect postoperative outcomes or complications. In our study, even with ART treatment, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio varied in the PLWH group. Moreover, our study demonstrates an association between a lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio and worse overall survival.

The main factor affecting the prognosis of PLWH may be the onset of HIV. PLWH who receive ART have a similar, but not equal, prognosis to that of uninfected individuals. In our study, the CD4+ T cell count in PLWH was similar to that in the HIV-negative group. Previous studies using the CD4+/CD8+ ratio as a surrogate marker of immune status have shown that it is independently associated with NADCs and mortality in PLWH, whereas CD4+ T cell counts alone do not predict the risk of survival in PLWH with NADCs [17, 28, 29]. Mussini et al. conducted a cohort study to investigate the association between the CD4+/CD8+ ratio and morbidity in PLWH on ART and found that a CD4+/CD8+ ratio < 0.5 can identify patients who require more intensive cancer prevention or screening [28]. These findings further validate prior recommendations advocating surgery for PLWH regardless of the CD4+ T cell count. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio seems to be an important prognostic marker in PLWH, and in our study a lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio in PLWH may have predicted worse survival.

We have not found any study that has directly compared the prognosis of PLWH and HIV-negative patients with RCC. Whether the HIV itself or the tumor itself affects the prognosis is unclear. Although in our study the two groups have a similar pathological stage, general status, KPS, GPS, and CCI, PLWH were still prone to worse overall survival and progression-free survival. These findings further validate prior recommendations advocating surgery for PLWH upon an earlier pathological stage [4, 11].

In the past decade, understanding of the determinants of the ontology of RCC has come a long way. The loss of chromosome 3p is a common genetic abnormality confirmed in both hereditary and sporadic RCC. Tumor genomic features can affect distinct immune phenotypes. For example, PBRM1 mutations are associated with reduced infiltration of T cells; however, whether they are associated with RCC in PLWH remains unclear [30]. The mechanisms behind HIV with RCC may be more complex, and future research is needed on their interactive effects.

Several limitations of our study should be acknowledged. First, it was a single-center retrospective research study with a limited sample size; therefore, the generalizability of the findings to patients in other places may be limited. Second, insufficient information was available in the telephone follow-up. For example, whether socioeconomic status or HIV-related health problems was mostly responsible for the poor prognosis of PLWH is not known.

Conclusion

In our retrospective analysis, RCC patients with HIV had both shorter overall survival and worse progression-free survival than patients without HIV. The lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio indicated a worse outcome.

Availability of data and materials

The data sets generated and/or analyzed in the current study are not publicly available, as they contain protected health information, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Tang Q, Lu H. HIV/AIDS responses in China should focus on the impact of global integration. Biosci Trends. 2018;12(5):507–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Rodger AJ, Lodwick R, Schechter M, Deeks S, Amin J, Gilson R, Paredes R, Bakowska E, Engsig FN, Phillips A, et al. Mortality in well controlled HIV in the continuous antiretroviral therapy arms of the SMART and ESPRIT trials compared with the general population. AIDS. 2013;27(6):973–9.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zwahlen M, Harris R, May M, Hogg R, Costagliola D, de Wolf F, Gill J, Fatkenheuer G, Lewden C, Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort C, et al. Mortality of HIV-infected patients starting potent antiretroviral therapy: comparison with the general population in nine industrialized countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(6):1624–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Reid E, Suneja G, Ambinder RF, Ard K, Baiocchi R, Barta SK, Carchman E, Cohen A, Gupta N, Johung KL, et al. Cancer in people living with HIV, version 1,2018, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2018;16(8):986–1017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Casper C. The increasing burden of HIV-associated malignancies in resource-limited regions. Annu Rev Med. 2011;62:157–70.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hernández-Ramírez RU, Shiels MS, Dubrow R, Engels EA. Cancer risk in HIV-infected people in the USA from 1996 to 2012: a population-based, registry-linkage study. Lancet HIV. 2017;4(11):e495–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Gail MH, Hall HI, Li J, Chaturvedi AK, Bhatia K, Uldrick TS, Yarchoan R, Goedert JJ, et al. Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(9):753–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Corrigan KL, Wall KC, Bartlett JA, Suneja G. Cancer disparities in people with HIV: a systematic review of screening for non-AIDS-defining malignancies. Cancer. 2019;125(6):843–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Nagata N, Nishijima T, Niikura R, Yokoyama T, Matsushita Y, Watanabe K, Teruya K, Kikuchi Y, Akiyama J, Yanase M, et al. Increased risk of non-AIDS-defining cancers in Asian HIV-infected patients: a long-term cohort study. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):1066.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Shiels MS, Cole SR, Kirk GD, Poole C. A meta-analysis of the incidence of non-AIDS cancers in HIV-infected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(5):611–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Pang C, Guan Y, Li H, Chen W, Zhu G. Urologic cancer in China. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2016;46(6):497–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Tamura K, Ando R, Takahara K, Ito T, Kanao K, Yasui T, Shiroki R, Miyake H. Development of novel ACN (albumin, C-reactive protein and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) prognostication model for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving first-line molecular-targeted therapy. Urol Oncol. 2021;39(1):78.e71-78.e78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Tamura K, Matsushita Y, Watanabe H, Motoyama D, Ito T, Sugiyama T, Otsuka A, Miyake H. Feasibility of the ACL (albumin, C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase) model as a novel prognostic tool in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma previously receiving first-line targeted therapy. Urol Oncol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.07.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sun M, Shariat SF, Cheng C, Ficarra V, Murai M, Oudard S, Pantuck AJ, Zigeuner R, Karakiewicz PI. Prognostic factors and predictive models in renal cell carcinoma: a contemporary review. Eur Urol. 2011;60(4):644–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Xu YZY, Wang X, Kang J, Liu X. Prognostic value of performance status in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. DiNatale RG, Xie W, Becerra MF, Silagy AW, Attalla K, Sanchez A, Mano R, Marcon J, Blum KA, Benfante NE, et al. The association between small primary tumor size and prognosis in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: insights from two independent cohorts of patients who underwent cytoreductive nephrectomy. Eur Urol Oncol. 2020;3(1):47–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Han WM, Apornpong T, Kerr SJ, Hiransuthikul A, Gatechompol S, Do T, Ruxrungtham K, Avihingsanon A. CD4/CD8 ratio normalization rates and low ratio as prognostic marker for non-AIDS defining events among long-term virologically suppressed people living with HIV. AIDS Res Ther. 2018;15(1):13.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Swami U, Nussenzveig RH, Haaland B, Agarwal N. Revisiting AJCC TNM staging for renal cell carcinoma: quest for improvement. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(Suppl 1):S18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Tong TGY, Xiong H, Wang L, Pang J. A meta-analysis of Glasgow prognostic score and modified Glasgow prognostic score as biomarkers for predicting survival outcome in renal cell carcinoma. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Demircan NCAÖ, BaşoğluTüylü T, et al. Impact of the Charlson Comorbidity Index on dose-limiting toxicity and survival in locally advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with first-line sunitinib or pazopanib. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2020;26(5):1147–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Scott JM, Edvardsen E, Jones LW. Performance status in cancer: not broken, but time for an upgrade? J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(25):2824–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Leibovich BC, Blute ML, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Frank I, Kwon ED, Weaver AL, Parker AS, Zincke H. Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. Cancer. 2003;97(7):1663–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang L, Chen Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Wen Z, Chen H, Zhu Y, Wang J, Wan L, Li F, et al. Lung cancer surgery in HIV-infected patients: an analysis of postoperative complications and long-term survival. Thorac Cancer. 2020;11(8):2146–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Heng DYCXW, Regan MM, et al. Prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted agents: results from a large, multicenter study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5794–9.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ong WL, King K, Koh TL, Chipman M, Royce P, Hoy J, Millar JL. HIV and renal cell carcinoma: experience in an Australian statewide HIV center. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2016;12(2):188–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Sigel KMSK, Wisnivesky JP, Park LS, Kong CY, Silverberg MJ, et al. Short-term outcomes for lung cancer resection surgery in HIV infection. AIDS. 2019;33(8):1353–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. McGinnis GJNM, Bvochora-Nsingo M, Chiyapo S, Balang D, Ralefala T, et al. Management of head and neck cancers with or without comorbid HIV infection in Botswana. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(5):E1558-e1566.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mussini CLP, Cozzi-Lepri A, et al. CD4/CD8 ratio normalisation and non-AIDS-related events in individuals with HIV who achieve viral load suppression with antiretroviral therapy: an observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2015;2(3):e98–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Serrano-Villar S, Gutierrez C, Vallejo A, Hernandez-Novoa B, Diaz L, Abad Fernandez M, Madrid N, Dronda F, Zamora J, Munoz-Fernandez MA, et al. The CD4/CD8 ratio in HIV-infected subjects is independently associated with T-cell activation despite long-term viral suppression. J Infect. 2013;66(1):57–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Jonasch EWCRW. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma ontogeny and mechanisms of lethality. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17(4):245–61.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We express our deep gratitude to Yuan Gao (Fourth Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital) for his substantial support revising the manuscript.

Funding

None.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Liang Chen and Menghua Wu contributed equally to this work and should be considered as co-first authors

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology and Lithotripsy Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

    Liang Chen

  2. Department of Urology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Menghua Wu, Xin Zheng & Yu Zhang

  3. Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Jimao Zhao

Authors
  1. Liang Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Menghua Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xin Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yu Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jimao Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

LC and WM contributed equally to this work and should be considered as co-first authors All authors reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jimao Zhao.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The authors were granted approval from the human ethics committee of Beijing Youan Hospital. Each participating hospital reviewed and approved the study prior to patient enrollment. All participants provided written informed consent. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines (human ethics guidelines of Beijing Youan Hospital).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Additional file 1: Fig S1.

The sample size calculation through PASS 21.

Additional file 2: Fig S2.

Kaplan-Meier Analysis of Overall survival with Localized and metastasis RCC.

Additional file 3: Fig S3.

Bivariate analysis to present relationship between CD4+/CD8+ ratio and overall survival for PLWH.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, L., Wu, M., Zheng, X. et al. Long-term outcome of renal cell carcinoma in patients with HIV who undergo surgery. BMC Infect Dis 22, 605 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07592-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07592-z

Keywords

  • People living with HIV
  • Renal cell carcinoma
  • Prognosis
  • Risk factors
  • Overall survival
  • Progression-free survival
  • Risk factor

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us