Table 1 Baseline characteristics and (IR) per 100 person years (PY) stratified according to infectious disease
From: COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza: myocardial injury and prognostic importance
COVID-19 | Influenza | ||
|---|---|---|---|
(n = 150) | (n = 150) | p value | |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 67.8 (± 15) | 67.7 (± 15) | 0.962 |
Male, n (%) | 94 (62.7) | 88 (58.7) | 0.478 |
Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||
Arterial hypertension | 107 (71.3) | 91 (60.7) | 0.051 |
Dyslipidemia | 52 (35.9) | 29 (19.3) | 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 37 (24.8) | 35 (23.3) | 0.591 |
Current smoker | 7 (4.8) | 29 (19.3) | < 0.001 |
Obesity | 38 (26.4) | 35 (23.3) | 0.544 |
Atrial fibrillation | 36 (24.2) | 29 (19.3) | 0.312 |
COPD | 8 (5.3) | 14 (9.3) | 0.184 |
Immunosuppression | 11 (7.4) | 19 (12.7) | 0.128 |
Coronary artery disease | 35 (23.3) | 47 (31.3) | 0.120 |
Chronic kidney disease | 19 (12.7) | 17 (11.3) | 0.880 |
Symptoms at admission, n (%) | |||
Dyspnea | 81 (55.5) | 57 (38.8) | 0.008 |
Cough | 83 (56.1) | 100 (68.0) | 0.035 |
Fever | 92 (63.4) | 72 (49.0) | 0.013 |
Echocardiography | |||
LVEF%, mean (± SD) | 57 (± 8) | 54 (± 11) | 0.082 |
Impaired LVEF, n (%) | 17 (13.5) | 20 (24.7) | 0.040 |
Left ventricular hypertrophy, n (%) | 88 (71.5) | 56 (70.0) | 0.813 |
Visually estimated impaired RV-function, n (%) | 17 (13.9) | 14 (17.9) | 0.111 |
Right ventricular dilatation, n (%) | 54 (45.0) | 23 (29.1) | 0.024 |
TAPSE, mm, mean (± SD) | 22 (± 5) | 21 (± 4) | 0.065 |
PAPsys, mmHg, mean (± SD) | 29 (± 11) | 27 (± 12) | 0.022 |
Aortic valve stenosis > 1, n (%) | 3 (3.6) | 6 (7.6) | 0.261 |
Aortic valve regurgitation > 1, n (%) | 7 (5.7) | 2 (2.5) | 0.283 |
Mitral valve regurgitation > 1, n (%) | 22 (18.0) | 17 (21.5) | 0.542 |
Pulmonal valve regurgitation, n (%) | 75 (79.2) | 22 (31.9) | < 0.001 |
Tricuspid valve regurgitation > 1, n (%) | 22 (18.5) | 10 (12.8) | 0.292 |
Pericardial effusion, n (%) | 60 (48.4) | 5 (6.2) | < 0.001 |
Electrocardiography | |||
Rate, bpm, mean (± SD) | 84 (± 23) | 87 (± 21) | 0.101 |
Sinus rhythm, n (%) | 102 (81.0) | 123 (82.6) | 0.779 |
QRS, ms, mean (± SD) | 94 (± 20) | 95 (± 19) | 0.545 |
Regular R progression, n (%) | 71 (58.7) | 91 (61.1) | 0.689 |
Right bundle branch block, n (%) | 10 (8.2) | 22 (14.9) | 0.087 |
Left bundle branch block, n (%) | 3 (2.4) | 22 (14.9) | < 0.001 |
PQ segment, ms, mean (± SD) | 170 (± 89) | 164 (± 29) | 0.218 |
QTc, ms, mean (± SD) | 379 (± 77) | 376 (± 54) | 0.186 |
Negative T wave, n (%) | 22 (18.2) | 55 (37.2) | 0.002 |
ST segment depression, n (%) | 10 (8.2) | 32 (21.6) | 0.001 |
ST segment elevation, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.4) | 0.199 |
Laboratory values at admission median (25th/75th percentile) | |||
Leucocytes, 1000/µl | 6.5 (4.6/9.7) | 6.7 (5.1/9.1) | 0.573 |
Lymphocytes, 1000/µl | 0.8 (0.6/ 1.1) | 0.9 (0.6/ 1.4) | 0.107 |
Haemoglobin, mg/dl | 12.7 (11.1/14.1) | 13.3 (12.0/14.1) | 0.044 |
Platelets, 1000/µl | 184 (147/244) | 177 (141/220) | 0.118 |
Creatinin, mg/dl | 0.9 (0.7/1.3) | 1.0 (0.8/1.3) | 0.409 |
GFR, ml/m2 | 74 (50/92) | 71 (49/88) | 0.417 |
D-dimers, µg/dl | 1.4 (0.7/3.0) | 0.9 (0.5/1.5) | 0.136 |
C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 8.2 (2.6/16.1) | 2.8 (1.5/6.6) | < 0.001 |
Procalcitonin, ng/ml | 0.1 (0.1/0.9) | 0.2 (0.1/1.0) | 0.068 |
Troponin I, ng/dl | 18 (6/65) | 30 (30/40) | < 0.001 |
NT pro-BNP, ng/l | 473 (141/3245) | 1156 (160/6661) | 0.421 |
CK, U/l | 149 (74/347) | 130 (72/295) | 0.418 |
Bilirubin | 0.7 (0.5/1.1) | 0.5 (0.4/0.7) | < 0.001 |
AP, U/l | 68 (52/88) | 70 (53/92) | 0.811 |
AST, U/l | 43 (27/70) | 37 (24/77) | 0.529 |
ALT, U/l | 32 (21/48) | 24 (16/35) | < 0.001 |
LDH, U/l | 336 (230/446) | 218 (186/280) | < 0.001 |
Lactate | 1.3 (1.0/1.9) | 1.4 (1.0/1.9) | 0.687 |
pH | 7.43 (7.39/7.46) | 7.41 (7.36/7.44) | 0.007 |
Medication at admission, n (%) | |||
Oral anticoagulation | 21 (15.7) | 20 (14.3) | 0.716 |
ACEi | 32 (23.9) | 49 (35.0) | 0.044 |
ARB | 45 (33.6) | 20 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
Aldosterone inhibitors | 17 (12.7) | 14 (10.0) | 0.483 |
Diuretics | 51 (38.3) | 53 (37.9) | 0.934 |
Calcium channel blockers | 31 (23.3) | 35 (25.0) | 0.744 |
Beta blockers | 56 (41.8) | 66 (47.1) | 0.373 |
Statins | 50 (37.3) | 45 (32.1) | 0.369 |
ASS | 34 (25.6) | 40 (28.6) | 0.576 |
P2Y12 inhibitors | 3 (2.3) | 7 (5.0) | 0.232 |
Clinical course | |||
Admission ICU, n (%) | 77 (51.3) | 15 (10.0) | < 0.001 |
First Horovitz index in mmHg, mean (± SD) | 259 (± 145) | 226 (± 163) | 0.351 |
Horovitz index nadir in mmHg, mean (± SD) | 190 (± 112) | 119 (± 62) | 0.038 |
Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 68 (45.3) | 8 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
Vasopressors, n (%) | 63 (56.8) | 9 (60.0) | 0.812 |
Viral coinfection, n (%) | 9 (7.8) | 5 (33.3) | 0.003 |
Bacterial coinfection, n (%) | 44 (38.3) | 10 (66.7) | 0.036 |
Dialysis, n (%) | 21 (46.7) | 4 (26.7) | 0.174 |
ECMO, n (%) | 6 (15.4) | 3 (20.0) | 0.684 |
Cardiac catheterization, n (%) | 6 (4) | 18 (12) | 0.011 |
PCI, n (%) | 4 (66.7) | 9 (50.0) | 0.478 |
Severity of ARDS, n (%) | |||
None | 52 (34.7) | 100 (66.7) | < 0.001 |
Mild | 35 (23.3) | 42 (28.0) | 0.26 |
Moderate | 39 (26.0) | 2 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
Severe | 24 (16.0) | 6 (4.0) | 0.002 |
Endpoints (COVID-19/Influenza) | No. of events (COVID-19/ Influenza) | IR/100 PY (COVID-19/ Influenza) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Combined endpoint | 82 (69/13) | 328 (552/104) | < 0.001 |
Mechanical ventilation | 77 (69/8) | 308 (552/64) | < 0.001 |
ICU admission | 92 (77/15) | 368 (616/120) | < 0.001 |
All-cause mortality | 33 (24/9) | 132 (192/72) | 0.006 |