Abela-Ridder B, Sikkema R, Hartskeerl RA. Estimating the burden of human leptospirosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36(Suppl 1):S5–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hartskeerl RA, Collares-Pereira M, Ellis WA. Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(4):494–501.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pappas G, Papadimitriou P, Siozopoulou V, Christou L, Akritidis N. The globalization of leptospirosis: worldwide incidence trends. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12(4):351–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borbolla-Sala ME, García Vanegas L, Cadenas-Martínez MT, Hernandez-Hernandez R, De La Fuente Gutiérrez JC, Piña-Gutiérrez OE, Rodríguez León A. Leptospirosis durante la contingencia ambiental por inundación en Tabasco 2008. Salud en Tabasco. 2009;15(2, 3):860–7.
Sánchez-Montes S, Espinosa-Martínez DV, Ríos-Muñoz CA, Berzunza-Cruz M, Becker I. Leptospirosis in Mexico: epidemiology and potential distribution of human cases. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133720.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Bal AM. Unusual clinical manifestations of leptospirosis. J Postgrad Med. 2005;51(3):179–83.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moschini J. Leptospirosis humana con compromiso del sistema nervioso central. Comunicación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura. Neurología Argentina. 2011;3(4):222–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Myers DM. Manual de Métodos para el diagnóstico de laboratorio de la leptospirosis. In: Nota Técnica No 30. Edited by PAHO/WHO; 1985.
Haake DA. Hamster model of leptospirosis. Curr Protoc Microbiol. 2006, Chapter 12:Unit 12E 12.
Woo TH, Patel BK, Smythe LD, Norris MA, Symonds ML, Dohnt MF. Identification of pathogenic Leptospira by TaqMan probe in a LightCycler. Anal Biochem. 1998;256(1):132–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zuerner RL, Bolin CA. Differentiation of Leptospira interrogans isolates by IS1500 hybridization and PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35(10):2612–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lane DJ: 16S/23S rRNA sequencing In: Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics. edn. Edited by Stackebrandt E, and Goodfellow, M. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons; 1991: 115–175.
Jones S, Kim T. Fulminant leptospirosis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection: case report and review of the literature. Clinical infectious diseases. 2001;33(5):E31–3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guía de Práctica clínica IMSS-143-08; Diagnóstico y tratamiento de Purpura Trombocitopénica inmunológica. In. México: Secretaría de Salud, Gobierno Federal; 2009.
Cullingford GL, Watkins DN, Watts AD, Mallon DF. Severe late postsplenectomy infection. Br J Surg. 1991;78(6):716–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Di Sabatino A, Carsetti R, Corazza GR. Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states. Lancet. 2011;378(9785):86–97.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
King H, Shumacker HB Jr. splenic studies. I. Susceptibility to infection after splenectomy performed in infancy. Ann Surg. 1952;136(2):239–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rubin LG, Schaffner W. clinical practice. Care of the asplenic patient. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(4):349–56.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Abbas H, Cifuentes-Kottkamp A, Abbas N, Cindrich R, Singh M. A rare presentation of cryptococcal meningitis and cerebellitis in an asplenic patient, seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). American Journal of Case Reports. 2018;19(183–186):183.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lai S-W, Lin C-L, Liao K-F. Risk of pneumonia among patients with splenectomy: a retrospective population-based cohort study. Ann Saudi Med. 2017;37(5):351–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Marrie TJ, Fine MJ, Obrosky DS, Coley C, Singer DE, Kapoor WN. Community-acquired pneumonia due to Escherichia coli. Clinical microbiology infection. 1998;4(12):717–23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tillotson JR, Lerner AM. Characteristics of pneumonias caused by Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med. 1967;277(3):115–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jonas M, Cunha BA. Bacteremic Escherichia coli pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142(12):2157–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ellis EF, Smith RT. The role of the spleen in immunity. With special reference to the post-splenectomy problems in infants. Pediatrics. 1966;37(1):111–9.
Mebius RE, Kraal G. Structure and function of the spleen. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5(8):606–16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Muensoongnoen J, Phulsuksombati D, Parichatikanond P, Sangjan N, Pilakasiri C, Sripaoraya K, Roongruangchai J, Koedpuech K, Pilakasiri K. A histopathological study of hearts and spleens of hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) infected with Leptospira interrogans, serovar Pyrogenes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2006;37(4):720–8.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rathinam SR. Ocular manifestations of leptospirosis. J Postgrad Med. 2005;51(3):189–94.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Laing RW, Teh C, Toh CH. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) complicating leptospirosis: a previously undescribed association. J Clin Pathol. 1990;43(11):961–2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Im JG, Yeon KM, Han MC, Kim CW, Webb WR, Lee JS, Han YC, Chang WH, Chi JG. Leptospirosis of the lung: radiographic findings in 58 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;152(5):955–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Watt G, Padre LP, Tuazon ML, Calubaquib C, Santiago E, Ranoa CP, Laughlin LW. Placebo-controlled trial of intravenous penicillin for severe and late leptospirosis. Lancet. 1988;1(8583):433–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vijayachari P, Sehgal SC, Goris MG, Terpstra WJ, Hartskeerl RA. Leptospira interrogans serovar Valbuzzi: a cause of severe pulmonary haemorrhages in the Andaman Islands. J Med Microbiol. 2003;52(Pt 10):913–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yersin C, Bovet P, Merien F, Clement J, Laille M, Van Ranst M, Perolat P. Pulmonary haemorrhage as a predominant cause of death in leptospirosis in Seychelles. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(1):71–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Picardeau M. Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis. Medecine et maladies infectieuses. 2013;43(1):1–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ellis WA. Animal leptospirosis. In: Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Volume 1, edn. Edited by Adler B: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2015:99–137.
Google Scholar
Bolin CA, Cassells JA, Hill HT, Frantz JC, Nielsen JN. Reproductive failure associated with Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava infection of swine. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1991;3(2):152–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Atxaerandio R, Aduriz G, Ziluaga I, Esteban JI, Maranda L, Mainar-Jaime RC. Serological evidence of Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava infection and its association with abortions in cattle in northern Spain. Veterinary record. 2005;156(12):376–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chan KW, Hsu YH, Hu WL, Pan MJ, Lai JM, Huang KC, Chou SJ: Serological and PCR detection of feline leptospira in southern Taiwan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis (Larchmont, NY) 2014,14(2):118–123.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Agunloye CA, Nash AS. Investigation of possible leptospiral infection in cats in Scotland. J Small Anim Pract. 1996;37(3):126–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Larsson CE, Santa Rosa CA, Larsson MH, Birgel EH, Fernandes WR, Paim GV. Laboratory and clinical features of experimental feline leptospirosis. Int J zoonoses. 1985;12(2):111–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arbour J, Blais MC, Carioto L, Sylvestre D. Clinical leptospirosis in three cats (2001-2009). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2012;48(4):256–60.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zaidi S, Bouam A, Bessas A, Hezil D, Ghaoui H, Ait-Oudhia K, Drancourt M, Bitam I. Urinary shedding of pathogenic Leptospira in stray dogs and cats, Algiers: a prospective study. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197068.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Rodriguez J, Blais MC, Lapointe C, Arsenault J, Carioto L, Harel J. Serologic and urinary PCR survey of leptospirosis in healthy cats and in cats with kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2014;28(2):284–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mylonakis ME, Bourtzi-Hatzopoulou E, Koutinas AF, Petridou E, Saridomichelakis MN, Leontides L, Siochu A. Leptospiral seroepidemiology in a feline hospital population in Greece. Veterinary record. 2005;156(19):615–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Azócar-Aedo L, Monti G, Jara R. Leptospira spp. in domestic cats from different environments: prevalence of antibodies and risk factors associated with the Seropositivity. Animals. 2014;4(4):612–26.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Thorpe TC, Wilson ML, Turner JE, DiGuiseppi JL, Willert M, Mirrett S, Reller LB. BacT/Alert: an automated colorimetric microbial detection system. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28(7):1608–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Griffith ME, Horvath LL, Mika WV, Hawley JS, Moon JE, Hospenthal DR, Murray CK. Viability of Leptospira in BacT/ALERT MB media. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;54(4):263–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Girault D, Soupe-Gilbert ME, Geroult S, Colot J, Goarant C. Isolation of Leptospira from blood culture bottles. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;88(1):17–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gomes-Solecki M, Santecchia I, Werts C. Animal models of leptospirosis: of mice and hamsters. Front Immunol. 2017;8:58.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Faine S. Leptospira and leptospirosis: MediSci; 1999.
Ahmed A, Engelberts MF, Boer KR, Ahmed N, Hartskeerl RA. Development and validation of a real-time PCR for detection of pathogenic Leptospira species in clinical materials. PLoS One. 2009;4(9):e7093.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Villumsen S, Pedersen R, Borre MB, Ahrens P, Jensen JS, Krogfelt KA. Novel TaqMan(R) PCR for detection of Leptospira species in urine and blood: pit-falls of in silico validation. J Microbiol Methods. 2012;91(1):184–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thaipadungpanit J, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Amornchai P, Boonslip S, Smythe LD, Limpaiboon R, Hoffmaster AR, Day NP, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of real-time PCR assays targeting 16S rRNA and lipL32 genes for human leptospirosis in Thailand: a case-control study. PLoS One. 2011;6(1):e16236.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Slack A, Symonds M, Dohnt M, Harris C, Brookes D, Smythe L. Evaluation of a modified Taqman assay detecting pathogenic Leptospira spp. against culture and Leptospira-specific IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a clinical environment. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;57(4):361–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perez J, Goarant C. Rapid Leptospira identification by direct sequencing of the diagnostic PCR products in New Caledonia. BMC Microbiol. 2010;10:325.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cerqueira GM, McBride AJ, Hartskeerl RA, Ahmed N, Dellagostin OA, Eslabao MR, Nascimento AL. Bioinformatics describes novel loci for high resolution discrimination of Leptospira isolates. PLoS One. 2010;5(10):e15335.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Ahmed SA, Sandai DA, Musa S, Hoe CH, Riadzi M, Lau KL, Tang TH. Rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis by multiplex PCR. Malays J Med Sci. 2012;19(3):9–16.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Salud Sd: NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-029-SSA2–1999, Para la vigilancia epidemiológica, prevención y control de la leptospirosis en el humano. In: Diario Oficial de la Federación. Edited by Salud. EUM-Sd, vol. NOM-029-SSA2–1999. Mexico: Comité Consultivo Nacional de Normalización de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades; 2001:10.
Hall C, Lambourne J. The challenges of diagnosing leptospirosis. J Travel Medicine. 2014;21(2):139–40.
Article
Google Scholar
Smythe LD, Smith IL, Smith GA, Dohnt MF, Symonds ML, Barnett LJ, McKay DB. A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for pathogenic Leptospira spp. BMC Infect Dis. 2002;2(1):13.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Villumsen S, Pedersen R, Borre MB, Ahrens P, Jensen JS, Krogfelt KA. Novel TaqMan® PCR for detection of Leptospira species in urine and blood: pit-falls of in silico validation. J Microbiol Methods. 2012;91(1):184–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boonsilp S, Thaipadungpanit J, Amornchai P, Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Limmathurotsakul D, Day NP, Peacock SJ. Molecular detection and speciation of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in blood from patients with culture-negative leptospirosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:338.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Agampodi SB, Matthias MA, Moreno AC, Vinetz JM. Utility of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in leptospirosis diagnosis: association of level of leptospiremia and clinical manifestations in Sri Lanka. Clinical infectious diseases. 2012;54(9):1249–55.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chong J, Jones P, Spelman D, Leder K, Cheng AC. Overwhelming post-splenectomy sepsis in patients with asplenia and hyposplenia: a retrospective cohort study. Epidemiology Infection. 2017;145(2):397–400.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar