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Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Streptococcus tigurinus endocarditis

BMC Infectious Diseases volume 19, Article number: 291 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Streptococcus tigurinus was recently described as a new streptococcal species within the viridans group streptococci (VGS). The objectives of the present work were to analyse the clinical and microbiological characteristics of S. tigurinus isolated from patients with bacteraemias, to determine the prevalence of S. tigurinus among VGS endocarditis in Spain, and to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of endocarditis caused by S. tigurinus and other VGS.

Methods

Retrospective nationwide study, performed between 2008 and 2016 in 9 Spanish hospitals from 7 different provinces comprising 237 cases of infective endocarditis. Streptococcal isolates were identified by sequencing fragments of their 16S rRNA, sodA and groEL genes. Clinical data of patients with streptococcal endocarditis were prospectively collected according to a pre-established protocol.

Results

Patients with endocarditis represented 7/9 (77.8%) and 26/86 (30.2%) of the bacteraemias caused by S. tigurinus and other VGS, respectively (p < 0.001), in two of the hospital participants. Among patients with streptococcal endocarditis, 12 different Streptococcus species were recognized being S. oralis, S. tigurinus and S. mitis the three more common. No relevant statistical differences were observed in the clinical characteristics and outcomes of endocarditis caused by the different VGS species.

Conclusions

In this multicenter study performed in Spain, S. tigurinus showed a higher predilection for the endocardial endothelium as compared to other VGS. However, clinical characteristics and outcomes of endocarditis caused by S. tigurinus did not significantly differ from endocarditis caused by other oral streptococci.

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Background

Streptococcus tigurinus was firstly described as a new streptococcal species in 2012 based on DNA hybridization analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing, being genetically very similar to Streptococcus oralis [1]. In fact, in 2016, and based on whole-genome sequencing, it was proposed to classify S. tigurinus as a Streptococcus oralis subspecies [2]. S. tigurinus, as other mitis group streptococci has been found as a commensal of the human oral cavity although since its initial description it has been also documented as a causative agent of infective endocarditis (IE) and other infections as meningitis, spondylodiscitis, osteomyelitis, prosthetic infections, etc. [1, 3,4,5,6,7]. The objective of the present study was to establish the clinical and microbiological characteristics of S. tigurinus isolated from patients with bacteraemias, to determine the prevalence of S. tigurinus among the cases of viridans group streptococci (VGS) endocarditis in Spain, and to compare the outcomes of IE caused by S. tigurinus and by other VGS.

Methods

S. tigurinus prevalence study

To study the relevance of finding S. tigurinus in a blood culture, all VGS isolated from blood cultures collected between 2008 and 2016 in two hospitals from Barcelona and San Sebastian, two cities from the north of Spain separated more than 500 km apart, were classified by phenotypic methods and all S. oralis were further identified by gene sequencing.

S. tigurinus endocarditis study

To analyse the characteristics of IE caused by S. tigurinus, a retrospective nationwide study, performed between 2008 and 2016 in 9 Spanish hospitals located in 7 different provinces comprising 237 cases of IE was performed. Diagnosis of IE was done according to the revised Duke diagnostic criteria [8]. Clinical IE data were prospectively collected according to a pre-established protocol [9]. Only cases with definite IE diagnosis were included in the study.

Microbiological techniques

VGS isolates were identified by sequencing fragments of their 16S rRNA, sodA and groEL genes and comparing them with those available at the NCBI and LeBibi databases [10]. A similitude of > 99% with the 3 genes was considered for a correct species identification. All S. tigurinus detected were genotyped by MLST according to the established protocol at the Oral Streptococcus MLST Database web page (https://pubmlst.org/oralstrep). Antimicrobial MICs were determined by the broth microdilution method using Iso-Sensitest Broth (Oxoid) supplemented with lysed horse blood 5% v/v. After incubation for 24 h at 35 °C, susceptibility results were read and interpreted according to CLSI guidelines. S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 was used as control.

Statistical analysis

The unpaired t-test or the chi-square test (Fisher’s exact test when appropriate) was used to compare continuous and categorical variables, respectively. All statistical analyses were performed using the online available GraphPad software (www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/).

Ethical considerations

The project and the common case report form were approved by the national and local institutional review boards and ethics committees (E.C. 18/07) and all patients gave their written informed consent to participate in the study.

Results

In the present work, 169 VGS isolates were identified by molecular methods: 95 from the prevalence study and 74 from the study of IE. The 16S rRNA gene correctly identified all of them, sodA misidentified one S. oralis isolate as S. tigurinus and groEL misidentified 5 S. oralis isolates as S. tigurinus (n = 2), S. cristatus (n = 2) and S. mitis (n = 1).

S. tigurinus prevalence study

Overall, 95 cases of VGS bacteraemias recorded in the hospitals of Barcelona and San Sebastian were studied, being 9 identified as S. tigurinus. Patients with endocarditis represented 7/9 (77.8%) of the S. tigurinus and 26/86 (30.2%) of the remaining VGS (p = 0.008). This data suggests a bigger attraction of S. tigurinus for the endocardial endothelium as compared with related species of the VGS, a finding that has been also observed in other studies [6].

S. tigurinus endocarditis study

Of the 237 IE caused by VGS recorded in the study, 74 isolates were available for further studies and were identified by phenotypic methods and by gene sequencing. In global, 12 different Streptococcus species were recognized being S. oralis, S. tigurinus and S. mitis the three more common causing 37.8, 23.0 and 21.6% of IE cases respectively (Table 1). All S. tigurinus had been previously identified by phenotypic methods as S. oralis and were found in 5/9 hospitals and in 4/7 provinces. All S. tigurinus were fully susceptible to oral penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime except one isolate that had a penicillin MIC = 0.12 mg/L. Three isolates were tetracycline-resistant (MIC> 4 mg/L) and another three erythromycin-resistant (MIC = 2 mg/L). All S. tigurinus isolates were susceptible to clindamycin, levofloxacin and vancomycin. A large heterogeneity of S. tigurinus was observed by MLST, having all different ST. Among the 17 S. tigurinus isolates, there were only two ST previously defined in the MLST database, ST30 and ST65, both previously identified as S. oralis from patients with gingivitis. Comparing IE caused by S. tigurinus and other VGS, patients´ average age was higher for S. tigurinus endocarditis, without statistical significance (p = 0.179 compared to S. mitis) (Table 2). No relevant statistical differences were observed in the clinical characteristics of IE caused by the different VGS species. Left heart valves were more frequently affected in S. tigurinus IE as well as in other streptococci: 45.9% mitral, 31.1% aortic, and 13.6% both valves. Considering all VGS IE, perforation was the most common intracardiac complication (16.2%), followed by abscess (10.8%) and pseudoaneurysm alone (2.7%) or with perforation (2.7%). In-hospital overall mortality in VGS IE (10.8%) was relatively high as compared with other studies [11]. Mortality due to S. tigurinus was quite similar to that of S. oralis (11.3% vs 14.8%, p = 1). Surprisingly, no mortality was recorded for any of the 16 patients with S. mitis IE that was also the group with less patients requiring surgical treatment. Of the patients with IE caused by VGS, 22 were treated only with betalactams (20 with ceftriaxone, 1 with ceftriaxone and ampicillin and 1 with imipenem), 26 with betalactams and gentamicin, being ceftriaxone-gentamicin the combination most frequently used (in 10 patients ceftriaxone-gentamicin alone and in another 8 with a third antibiotic). There were no differences in the antibiotic treatment despite the species identified.

Table 1 Species of viridans group streptococci causing infective endocarditis in Spain, 2008–2016
Full size table
Table 2 Clinical data of patients with infective endocarditis caused by S. mitis, S. oralis, S. tigurinus and other viridans group streptococci, Spain, 2008–2016
Full size table

Discussion

Despite the advances in imaging (echocardiography and nuclear medicine), molecular microbiology and surgery, IE is still today a serious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. In high-income countries, epidemiology of IE is changing with an increase of elderly patients with prosthetic valves or implantable cardiovascular devices [11]. Also, etiologic agents causing IE seems to be changing, with an increase of staphylococcal IE and a reduction of IE caused by VGS [11, 12]. In this Spanish multicenter study, it was previously shown that VGS represented 27.5% cases of definitive IE [13]. In the present work it has been shown that S. tigurinus was responsible for 20% of these definitive IE cases caused by VGS.

S. tigurinus has been associated to IE since its first description, although it has been also described as causing meningitis, spondylodiscitis, prosthetic infections, osteomyelitis, and periodontitis among others. However, in a recent review, IE was the most commonly reported manifestation of S. tigurinus infection [6] probably because IE has been more systematically searched for than other kind of infections. In that review, no deaths were documented among patients with S. tigurinus infection except for one case of osteomyelitis. In our study, 2 patients with S. tigurinus IE died during admission with no difference in mortality rates to IE caused by other VGS.

Besides to the oral origin of S. tigurinus infections, an enteric source has been also postulated after the translocation of the pathogen from an intraabdominal disorder [14]. However we considered that in most of our patients the origin was the oral cavity as no intraabdominal condition was found in any of the patients, whether the causative agent of the IE was S. tigurinus or another of the VSG commonly found in the oral mucosa. The oral origin of most VGS IE highlights the need of an exquisite dental care in patients with risk for IE [15].

IE caused by S. tigurinus did not clinically differ from IE caused by other VGS, showing a community-acquired origin, clinical course and outcomes in general better than bacterial IE caused by other Gram-positive bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus or Enterococcus [11]. Despite the wide genomic heterogeneity most isolates were fully susceptible to commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of IE. An endocarditis should always be suspected when a S. tigurinus is isolated from a blood culture due to the high prevalence of IE caused by this, otherwise commensal bacteria.

Conclusion

In this multicenter study performed in Spain, S. tigurinus was a common cause of IE. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of S. tigurinus endocarditis did not differ from endocarditis caused by other VGS. S. tigurinus showed a high genomic heterogeneity with most isolates susceptible in vitro to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of IE.

Abbreviations

CLSI:

Clinical and laboratory standards Institute

IE:

Infective endocarditis

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MLST:

Multi-locus sequence typing

ST :

Sequence-type

VGS:

Viridans group streptococci

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Acknowledgements

Members of the GAMES Group (Spanish Collaboration on Endocarditis Group): Hospital Costa del Sol, (Marbella): Fernando Fernández Sánchez, Mariam Noureddine, Gabriel Rosas, Javier de la Torre Lima; Hospital Universitario de Cruces, (Bilbao): José Aramendi, María José Blanco, Roberto Blanco, María Victoria Boado, Marta Campaña Lázaro, Alejandro Crespo, Josune Goikoetxea, José Ramón Iruretagoyena, Josu Irurzun Zuazabal, Leire López-Soria, Miguel Montejo, Javier Nieto, David Rodrigo, David Rodríguez, Regino Rodríguez, Yolanda Vitoria, Roberto Voces; Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, (Málaga): Mª Victoria García López, Radka Ivanova Georgieva, Guillermo Ojeda, Isabel Rodríguez Bailón, Josefa Ruiz Morales; Hospital Universitario Donostia-Policlínica Gipuzkoa, (San Sebastián): Ana María Cuende, Tomás Echeverría, Ana Fuerte, Eduardo Gaminde, Miguel Ángel Goenaga, Pedro Idígoras, José Antonio Iribarren, Alberto Izaguirre Yarza, Xabier Kortajarena Urkola, Carlos Reviejo; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, (Alicante): Rafael Carrasco, Vicente Climent, Patricio Llamas, Esperanza Merino, Joaquín Plazas, Sergio Reus; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, (A Coruña): Nemesio Álvarez, José María Bravo-Ferrer, Laura Castelo, José Cuenca, Pedro Llinares, Enrique Miguez Rey, María Rodríguez Mayo, Efrén Sánchez, Dolores Sousa Regueiro; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Huelva, (Huelva): Francisco Javier Martínez; Hospital Universitario de Canarias, (Canarias): Mª del Mar Alonso, Beatriz Castro, Dácil García Rosado, Mª del Carmen Durán, Mª Antonia Miguel Gómez, Juan Lacalzada, Ibrahim Nassar; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, (Málaga): Antonio Plata Ciezar, José Mª Reguera Iglesias; Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, (Oviedo): Víctor Asensi Álvarez, Carlos Costas, Jesús de la Hera, Jonnathan Fernández Suárez, Lisardo Iglesias Fraile, Víctor León Arguero, José López Menéndez, Pilar Mencia Bajo, Carlos Morales, Alfonso Moreno Torrico, Carmen Palomo, Begoña Paya Martínez, Ángeles Rodríguez Esteban, Raquel Rodríguez García, Mauricio Telenti Asensio; Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, (Barcelona): Manuel Almela, Juan Ambrosioni, Manuel Azqueta, Mercè Brunet, Marta Bodro, Ramón Cartañá, Carlos Falces, Guillermina Fita, David Fuster, Cristina García de la Mària, Marta Hernández-Meneses, Jaume Llopis Pérez, Francesc Marco, José M. Miró, Asunción Moreno, David Nicolás, Salvador Ninot, Eduardo Quintana, Carlos Paré, Daniel Pereda, Juan M. Pericás, José L. Pomar, José Ramírez, Irene Rovira, Elena Sandoval, Marta Sitges, Dolors Soy, Adrián Téllez, José M. Tolosana, Bárbara Vidal, Jordi Vila; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, (Madrid): Iván Adán, Javier Bermejo, Emilio Bouza, Daniel Celemín, Gregorio Cuerpo Caballero, Antonia Delgado Montero, Ana Fernández Cruz, Ana García Mansilla, Mª Eugenia García Leoni, Víctor González Ramallo, Martha Kestler Hernández, Amaia Mari Hualde, Mercedes Marín, Manuel Martínez-Sellés, Mª Cruz Menárguez, Patricia Muñoz, Cristina Rincón, Hugo Rodríguez-Abella, Marta Rodríguez-Créixems, Blanca Pinilla, Ángel Pinto, Maricela Valerio, Pilar Vázquez, Eduardo Verde Moreno; Hospital Universitario La Paz, (Madrid): Isabel Antorrena, Belén Loeches, Alejandro Martín Quirós, Mar Moreno, Ulises Ramírez, Verónica Rial Bastón, María Romero, Araceli Saldaña; Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, (Santander): Jesús Agüero Balbín, Carlos Armiñanzas Castillo, Ana Arnaiz, Francisco Arnaiz de las Revillas, Manuel Cobo Belaustegui, María Carmen Fariñas, Concepción Fariñas-Álvarez, Rubén Gómez Izquierdo, Iván García, Claudia González Rico, Manuel Gutiérrez-Cuadra, José Gutiérrez Díez, Marcos Pajarón, José Antonio Parra, Ramón Teira, Jesús Zarauza; Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, (Madrid): Fernando Domínguez, Pablo García Pavía, Jesús González, Beatriz Orden, Antonio Ramos; Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, (Madrid): Tomasa Centella, José Manuel Hermida, José Luis Moya, Pilar Martín-Dávila, Enrique Navas, Enrique Oliva, Alejandro del Río, Soledad Ruiz; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, (Granada): Carmen Hidalgo Tenorio; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, (Sevilla): Manuel Almendro Delia, Omar Araji, José Miguel Barquero, Román Calvo Jambrina, Marina de Cueto, Juan Gálvez Acebal, Irene Méndez, Isabel Morales, Luis Eduardo López-Cortés; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, (Sevilla): Arístides de Alarcón, Emilio García, Juan Luis Haro, José Antonio Lepe, Francisco López, Rafael Luque; Hospital San Pedro, (Logroño): Luis Javier Alonso, Pedro Azcárate, José Manuel Azcona Gutiérrez, José Ramón Blanco, Antonio Cabrera Villegas, Lara García-Álvarez, José Antonio Oteo, Mercedes Sanz; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, (Barcelona): Natividad de Benito, Mercé Gurguí, Cristina Pacho, Roser Pericas, Guillem Pons; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, (A Coruña): M. Álvarez, A. L. Fernández, Amparo Martínez, A. Prieto, Benito Regueiro, E. Tijeira, Marino Vega; Hospital Santiago Apóstol, (Vitoria): Andrés Canut Blasco, José Cordo Mollar, Juan Carlos Gainzarain Arana, Oscar García Uriarte, Alejandro Martín López, Zuriñe Ortiz de Zárate, José Antonio Urturi Matos; Hospital SAS Línea de la Concepción, (Cádiz): Gloria García Domínguez, Antonio Sánchez-Porto; Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (Murcia): José Mª Arribas Leal, Elisa García Vázquez, Alicia Hernández Torres, Ana Blázquez, Gonzalo de la Morena Valenzuela; Hospital de Txagorritxu, (Vitoria): Ángel Alonso, Javier Aramburu, Felicitas Elena Calvo, Anai Moreno Rodríguez, Paola Tarabini-Castellani; Hospital Virgen de la Salud, (Toledo): Eva Heredero Gálvez, Carolina Maicas Bellido, José Largo Pau, Mª Antonia Sepúlveda, Pilar Toledano Sierra, Sadaf Zafar Iqbal-Mirza; Hospital Rafael Méndez, (Lorca-Murcia):, Eva Cascales Alcolea, Ivan Keituqwa Yañez, Ana Peláez Ballesta; Hospital Universitario San Cecilio (Granada): Eduardo Moreno Escobar, Alejandro Peña Monje, Valme Sánchez Cabrera, David Vinuesa García; Hospital Son Llátzer (Palma de Mallorca): María Arrizabalaga Asenjo, Carmen Cifuentes Luna, Juana Núñez Morcillo, Mª Cruz Pérez Seco, Aroa Villoslada Gelabert; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (Zaragoza): Carmen Aured Guallar, Nuria Fernández Abad, Pilar García Mangas, Marta Matamala Adell, Mª Pilar Palacián Ruiz, Juan Carlos Porres; Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía (Cartagena): Begoña Alcaraz Vidal, Nazaret Cobos Trigueros, María Jesús Del Amor Espín, José Antonio Giner Caro, Roberto Jiménez Sánchez, Amaya Jimeno Almazán, Alejandro Ortín Freire, Monserrat Viqueira González; Hospital Universitario Son Espases (Palma de Mallorca): Pere Pericás Ramis, Mª Ángels Ribas Blanco, Enrique Ruiz de Gopegui Bordes, Laura Vidal Bonet; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (Albacete): Mª Carmen Bellón Munera, Elena Escribano Garaizabal, Antonia Tercero Martínez, Juan Carlos Segura Luque.

Funding

JMM received a personal 80:20 research grant from the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain during 2017–19. No funding entity played any role in the design of the study and data collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidently but are available from the GAMES project on reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES, Madrid, Spain

    María Ercibengoa, Carmen Ardanuy, Immaculada Grau, Mercedes Marín, Patricia Muñoz & Jose María Marimón

  2. Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario, Donostia, Spain

    Miguel Angel Goenaga

  3. Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge. Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Carmen Ardanuy

  4. Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge. Institut d’ Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Immaculada Grau

  5. Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d’ Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Cristina García-de-la-Maria & Jose María Miro

  6. Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d’ Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain

    Manuel Almela

  7. Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain

    Enrique Navas

  8. Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain

    María Carmen Fariñas

  9. Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain

    Carlos Ruiz de Alegría

  10. Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la Unidad de Medicina Interna, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Málaga, Spain

    Javier de la Torre

  11. Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Málaga, Spain

    Fernando Fernández

  12. Departamento de Medicina, Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio, Marañón, Madrid, Spain

    Mercedes Marín & Patricia Muñoz

  13. Departamento de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain

    Beatriz Orden

  14. Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain

    José Antonio Oteo & Lara García-Álvarez

  15. Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine. Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University of Seville/CSIC/University Virgen del Rocío and Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain

    Arístides de Alarcón & José Antonio Lepe Jiménez

  16. Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia-IIS Biodonostia, Paseo Dr Beguiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain

    Jose María Marimón

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  1. María Ercibengoa
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  20. Jose María Marimón
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Contributions

ME, JMM performed bacterial molecular techniques (identification and genotyping) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing and contributed to the study conception, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation of findings, and drafting of the manuscript. MAG, CA, IG, CG, MA, JMM, EN, MCF, CRA, JT, FF, MM, PM, BO, JAO, LGA, AA, JAL, contributed to the study by recording clinical data, collecting microbial isolates, interpreting of findings, and drafting of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jose María Marimón.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

The project and the common case report form were approved by the national and local institutional review boards and ethics committees (E.C. 18/07).

All patients gave their written informed consent to participate in the study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

JMM has received consulting honoraria and/or research grants from AbbVie, Angelini, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Jansen, Genentech, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Gilead Sciences, and ViiV Healthcare outside the submitted work. All other authors: none to declare.

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Ercibengoa, M., Goenaga, M.A., Ardanuy, C. et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Streptococcus tigurinus endocarditis. BMC Infect Dis 19, 291 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3914-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3914-6

Keywords

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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