Marsh K, Snow RW. Host—parasite interaction and morbidity in malaria endemic areas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1997;352(1359):1385–94.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Konaté L, Zwetyenga J, Rogier C, Bischoff E, Fontenille D, Tall A, Spiegel A, Trape J-F, Mercereau-Puijalon O. 5. Variation of plasmodium falciparum msp1 block 2 and msp2 allele prevalence and of infection complexity in two neighbouring Senegalese villages with different transmission conditions. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93:21–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith T, Beck H-P, Kitua A, Mwankusye S, Felger I, Fraser-Hurt N, Irion A, Alonso P, Teuscher T, Tanner M. 4. Age dependence of the multiplicity of plasmodium falciparum infections and of other malariological indices in an area of high endemicity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93:15–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ntoumi F, Contamin H, Rogier C, Bonnefoy S, Trape J-F, Mercereau-Puijalon O. Age-dependent carriage of multiple plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen-2 alleles in asymptomatic malaria infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;52(1):81–8.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Karl S, White MT, Milne GJ, Gurarie D, Hay SI, Barry AE, Felger I, Mueller I. Spatial effects on the multiplicity of plasmodium falciparum infections. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164054.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wootton JC, Feng X, Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu J, Baruch DI, Magill AJ, X-z S. Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 2002;418(6895):320–3.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Ouattara A, Laurens MB. Vaccines against malaria. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;60(6):930–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Childs LM, Prosper OF. Simulating within-vector generation of the malaria parasite diversity. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177941.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Pumpaibool T, Arnathau C, Durand P, Kanchanakhan N, Siripoon N, Suegorn A, Sitthi-amorn C, Renaud F, Harnyuttanakorn P. Genetic diversity and population structure of plasmodium falciparum in Thailand, a low transmission country. Malar J. 2009;8(1):155.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Anderson TJ, Haubold B, Williams JT, Estrada-Franco § JG, Richardson L, Mollinedo R, Bockarie M, Mokili J, Mharakurwa S, French N. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biol Evol. 2000;17(10):1467–82.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Machado RL, voa MMP, Calvosa VS, Ferreira MU, Rossit AR, EJd S, Conway DJ. Genetic structure of plasmodium falciparum populations in the Brazilian Amazon region. J Infect Dis. 2004;190(9):1547–55.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Mita T, Jombart T. Patterns and dynamics of genetic diversity in plasmodium falciparum: what past human migrations tell us about malaria. Parasitol Int. 2015;64(3):238–43.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arnott A, Barry AE, Reeder JC. Understanding the population genetics of plasmodium vivax is essential for malaria control and elimination. Malar J. 2012;11(1):14.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Haddad D, Snounou G, Mattei D, Enamorado IG, Figueroa J, Ståhl S, Berzins K. Limited genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum in field isolates from Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60(1):30–4.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Babiker HA, Lines J, Hill WG, Walliker D. Population structure of plasmodium falciparum in villages with different malaria endemicity in East Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;56(2):141–7.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Peyerl-Hoffmann G, Jelinek T, Kilian A, Kabagambe G, Metzger W, Von Sonnenburg F. Genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum and its relationship to parasite density in an area with different malaria endemicities in West Uganda. Tropical Med Int Health. 2001;6(8):607–13.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Babiker HA, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Walliker D. 3. Genetic structure and dynamics of plasmodium falciparum infections in the Kilombero region of Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93:11–4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith DL, Drakeley CJ, Chiyaka C, Hay SI. A quantitative analysis of transmission efficiency versus intensity for malaria. Nat Commun. 2010;1:108.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Smith DL, Battle KE, Hay SI, Barker CM, Scott TW, McKenzie FE. Ross, Macdonald, and a theory for the dynamics and control of mosquito-transmitted pathogens. PLoS Path. 2012;8(4):e1002588.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Karunamoorthi K. Malaria vaccine: a future hope to curtail the global malaria burden. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(5):529.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Srimath-Tirumula RCPK, Neelapu NRR, Sidagam N. Association of climatic variability, vector population and malarial disease in district of Visakhapatnam, India: a modeling and prediction analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128377.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ntoumi F, Ngoundou-Landji J, Luty A, Dubreuil G, Millet P. Allelic polymorphism of plasmodium falciparum MSP-2 gene in blood samples from Gabonese children. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2001;94(2 Pt 2):183–7.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Krogstad DJ, Koita OA, Diallo M, Gerone JL, Poudiougou B, Diakité M, Touré YT. Molecular incidence and clearance of plasmodium falciparum infection. Malar J. 2015;14(1):415.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Auburn S, Campino S, Miotto O, Djimde AA, Zongo I, Manske M, Maslen G, Mangano V, Alcock D, MacInnis B. Characterization of within-host plasmodium falciparum diversity using next-generation sequence data. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e32891.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Viriyakosol S, Siripoon N, Petcharapirat C, Petcharapirat P, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown K, Snounou G. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum isolates by the polymerase chain reaction and potential uses in epidemiological studies. Bull World Health Organ. 1995;73(1):85.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Dobaño C, Rogerson SJ, Taylor TE, McBride JS, Molyneux ME. Expression of merozoite surface protein markers by plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in peripheral blood and tissues of children with fatal malaria. Infect Immun. 2007;75(2):643–52.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Organization WH. Methods and techniques for clinical trials on antimalarial drug efficacy: genotyping to identify parasite populations: informal consultation organized by the Medicines for Malaria Venture and cosponsored by the World Health Organization, 29-31 May 2007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2008.
Botwe AK, Asante KP, Adjei G, Assafuah S, Dosoo D, Owusu-Agyei S. Dynamics in multiplicity of plasmodium falciparum infection among children with asymptomatic malaria in Central Ghana. BMC Genet. 2017;18(1):67.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Saha P, Ganguly S, Maji AK. Genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection of plasmodium falciparum isolates from Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;43:239–44.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Soe TN, Wu Y, Tun MW, Xu X, Hu Y, Ruan Y, Win AYN, Nyunt MH, Mon NCN, Han KT. Genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum populations in southeast and western Myanmar. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):322.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Mustafa SO, Hamid MMA, Aboud MA, Amin M, Muneer MS, Yasin K, Mahgoub NS, El Bagir NM. Genetic diversity and multiplicity of plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 in field isolates from Sudan. F1000Res. 2017;6:1790. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12585.1.
Stoler J, Delimini RK, Bonney JK, Oduro AR, Owusu-Agyei S, Fobil JN, Awandare GA. Evidence of recent dengue exposure among malaria parasite-positive children in three urban centers in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(3):497–500.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Musapa M, Kumwenda T, Mkulama M, Chishimba S, Norris DE, Thuma PE, Mharakurwa S. A simple Chelex protocol for DNA extraction from Anopheles spp. J Vis Exp. 2013;71:e3281. https://doi.org/10.3791/3281.
Duah NO, Matrevi SA, Quashie NB, Abuaku B, Koram KA. Genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum isolates from uncomplicated malaria cases in Ghana over a decade. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):416.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Kateera F, Nsobya SL, Tukwasibwe S, Mens PF, Hakizimana E, Grobusch MP, Mutesa L, Kumar N, Vugt M. Malaria case clinical profiles and plasmodium falciparum parasite genetic diversity: a cross sectional survey at two sites of different malaria transmission intensities in Rwanda. Malar J. 2016;15(1):237.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Amoah LE, Acquah FK, Ayanful-Torgby R, Oppong A, Abankwa J, Obboh EK, Singh SK, Theisen M. Dynamics of anti-MSP3 and Pfs230 antibody responses and multiplicity of infection in asymptomatic children from southern Ghana. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11(1):13.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Service GS. Cape Coast Municipality. In: 2010 Population & Housing Consensus: District Analytical Report. Ghana; 2014.
Google Scholar
Service GS. Ga South Municipality. In: 2010 Population & Housing Consensus: District Analytical Report. Ghana; 2014.
Google Scholar
Ayanful-Torgby R, Oppong A, Abankwa J, Acquah F, Williamson KC, Amoah LE. Plasmodium falciparum genotype and gametocyte prevalence in children with uncomplicated malaria in coastal Ghana. Malar J. 2016;15(1):592.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Musapa M, Kumwenda T, Mkulama M, Chishimba S, Norris DE, Thuma PE, Mharakurwa S. A simple Chelex protocol for DNA extraction from Anopheles spp. J Vis Exp. 2013;71:e3281.
Google Scholar
Amoah LE, Nuvor SV, Obboh EK, Acquah FK, Asare K, Singh SK, Boampong JN, Theisen M, Williamson KC. Natural antibody responses to plasmodium falciparum MSP3 and GLURP(R0) antigens are associated with low parasite densities in malaria patients living in the central region of Ghana. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):395.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Boonma P, Christensen PR, Suwanarusk R, Price RN, Russell B. Comparison of three molecular methods for the detection and speciation of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum. Malar J. 2007;6(1):124.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Organization WH. Recommended genotyping procedures (RGPs) to identify parasite populations. In: Developed after an informal consultation organized by the Medicines for Malaria Venture and cosponsored by the World Health Organization; 2007.
Google Scholar
Abagna HB, Acquah FK, Okonu R, Aryee NA, Theisen M, Amoah LE. Assessment of the quality and quantity of naturally induced antibody responses to EBA175RIII-V in Ghanaian children living in two communities with varying malaria transmission patterns. Malar J. 2018;17(1):14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-2167-3.
Kobbe R, Neuhoff R, Marks F, Adjei S, Langefeld I, Von Reden C, Adjei O, Meyer CG, May J. Seasonal variation and high multiplicity of first plasmodium falciparum infections in children from a holoendemic area in Ghana, West Africa. Tropical Med Int Health. 2006;11(5):613–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Elissa N, Migot-Nabias F, Luty A, Renaut A, Toure F, Vaillant M, Lawoko M, Yangari P, Mayombo J, Lekoulou F, et al. Relationship between entomological inoculation rate, plasmodium falciparum prevalence rate, and incidence of malaria attack in rural Gabon. Acta Trop. 2003;85(3):355–61.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Ayanful-Torgby R, Quashie NB, Boampong JN, Williamson KC, Amoah LE. Seasonal variations in plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence assessed by varying diagnostic tests in asymptomatic children in southern Ghana. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199172.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Hofmann N, Mwingira F, Shekalaghe S, Robinson LJ, Mueller I, Felger I. Ultra-sensitive detection of plasmodium falciparum by amplification of multi-copy subtelomeric targets. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001788.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Das S, Muleba M, Stevenson JC, Pringle JC, Norris DE. Beyond the entomological inoculation rate: characterizing multiple blood feeding behavior and plasmodium falciparum multiplicity of infection in Anopheles mosquitoes in northern Zambia. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):45.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Atroosh WM, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahdy MA, Saif-Ali R, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Surin J. Genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pahang, Malaysia based on MSP-1 and MSP-2 genes. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4(1):233.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Mohammed H, Kassa M, Assefa A, Tadesse M, Kebede A. Genetic polymorphism of Merozoite surface Protein-2 (MSP-2) in plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pawe District, north West Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177559.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Amoah LE, Opong A, Ayanful-Torgby R, Abankwa J, Acquah FK. Prevalence of G6PD deficiency and plasmodium falciparum parasites in asymptomatic school children living in southern Ghana. Malar J. 2016;15(1):388.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Agyeman-Budu A, Brown C, Adjei G, Adams M, Dosoo D, Dery D, Wilson M, Asante KP, Greenwood B, Owusu-Agyei S. Trends in multiplicity of plasmodium falciparum infections among asymptomatic residents in the middle belt of Ghana. Malar J. 2013;12(1):22.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Contamin H, Fandeur T, Bonnefoy S, Skouri F, Ntoumi F, Mercereau-Puijalon O. PCR typing of field isolates of plasmodium falciparum. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33(4):944–51.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Magesa SM. Malaria Parasite Dynamics: Epidemiology, Allelic Diversity and Turnover Rates of Plasmodium falciparum Infections in Tanzanian Children: Ph. D. Thesis. Denmark: Department of Population Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Copenhagen; 1999.
Google Scholar
Hamid MMA, Elamin AF, Albsheer MMA, Abdalla AA, Mahgoub NS, Mustafa SO, Muneer MS, Amin M. Multiplicity of infection and genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum isolates from patients with uncomplicated and severe malaria in Gezira State, Sudan. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):362.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hamid MMA, Mohammed SB, El Hassan IM. Genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum field isolates in Central Sudan inferred by PCR genotyping of merozoite surface protein 1 and 2. N Am J Med Sci. 2013;5(2):95.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mohammed H, Mindaye T, Belayneh M, Kassa M, Assefa A, Tadesse M, Woyessa A, Mengesha T, Kebede A. Genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum isolates based on MSP-1 and MSP-2 genes from Kolla-Shele area, Arbaminch Zuria District, Southwest Ethiopia. Malar J. 2015;14(1):73.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Hay SI, Sinka ME, Okara RM, Kabaria CW, Mbithi PM, Tago CC, Benz D, Gething PW, Howes RE, Patil AP. Developing global maps of the dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria. PLoS Med. 2010;7(2):e1000209.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar