Reportedly, PRs represent a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction secondary to the massive release of destroyed mycobacterial proteins, leading to an uncontrolled inflammatory response, such as the presence of exudates, hydrocephalus, tuberculoma, edema, vasculitis, and infarction [3, 5, 6, 8, 9]. Various studies have reported the onset of PRs as early as 2 weeks and as late as 3 years [3, 5, 7, 8]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the most extended duration from the initiation of the treatment with anti-TB drugs to the onset of PRs.
In our case, we diagnosed the lesions as late-onset post-treatment PRs because the repeated PCR and mycobacterial culture tested negative and no laboratory data suggested a CNS infection. Besides, the patient’s symptoms did not get worse during the 2-week hospitalization without anti-TB drugs, and no recurrence of tuberculous meningitis was reported for 1 year under the corticosteroid treatment without anti-TB drugs. Although calcified granulomas with perilesional edema in the brain are sometimes observed in the case of neurocysticercosis [10,11,12], the patient had no family history and had never visited or lived in neurocysticercosis endemic areas. In addition, we confirmed the negative results of ELISA-based antibody detection tests for T. solium. Therefore, we finally diagnosed the lesions as late-onset post-treatment PRs. Of note, we must distinguish PRs from treatment failure, the relapse of tuberculous meningitis, and other differential diagnosis and refrain from the unnecessary administration of anti-TB or antihelminthic drugs.
The remarkable feature of our case was that PRs had not occurred for 10 years after the completion of anti-TB drugs. A literature review indicated a high propensity of PRs for CNS involvement in comparison to other sites [5, 13], and the time of onset of PRs in CNS tuberculosis appears to be longer than the time of onset at other sites [1, 13]. These findings may be attributed to frequent brain MRI and/or CT scans conducted for patients with CNS lesions, considering the nature of these lesions, which are likely to result in the manifestation of symptoms leading to disease progression. Reportedly, a majority of post-treatment tuberculous lymph node enlargements resolve spontaneously without further anti-TB treatment [14], and the recurrence of PRs has been observed in one-third cases of CNS tuberculosis that manifest PRs [5]. Whether PRs cause clinical problems is probably dependent on their size and the anatomical location of the tuberculomas and exudates [2, 5, 15]. Based on these facts, we assume that our patient silently repeated subclinical relapse and remission of PRs, and it has been 10 years since she experienced symptoms of PRs. In addition, there is a possibility that the presence of the VP shunt alleviated the symptoms by adjusting the intracranial pressure. As far as we could research, to date, only two cases of PRs of CNS tuberculosis after the completion of the anti-TB treatment have been reported, and both used an inserted VP shunt to treat hydrocephalus [16]. The patency of the VP shunt in our patient was checked regularly, which prevented hydrocephalus and could have fortunately masked the symptoms even when the tuberculomas obstructed the CSF flow. Thus, we speculate that PRs took a longer time to become apparent.
Whether a lesion is a relapse of CNS tuberculosis or post-treatment PRs remains a clinical challenge when a new tuberculoma or the enlargement of pre-existing tuberculomas is detected after the completion of tuberculous meningitis treatment. Notably, our patient also had asymptomatic residual tuberculomas in the basal cistern. Thwaites et al. reported that 50% of those who demonstrated a complete recovery from tuberculous meningitis reveal asymptomatic tuberculomas on MRI after 270 days of the treatment [15]. Although no consensus guidelines exist to indicate the management of asymptomatic remnant tuberculomas, we should judiciously trace it by MRI for early intervention.
Although the treatment of post-treatment PRs remains to be established, the use of corticosteroids or surgical resection is a choice for treatment. Anecdotal evidence has suggested that the use of corticosteroids reduces symptoms and inflammation in approximately 50% of patients with PRs of CNS tuberculosis [6]. A majority of previous reports have suggested that the lesion of post-treatment PRs is sterile and culture-negative and have proposed that additional anti-TB treatment might not be essential in late-onset PRs [1, 17]. Overall, corticosteroids appear to be safe, at least when the isolated M. tuberculosis is susceptible to the first-line anti-TB therapy and when given appropriately for a certain specified period. However, some severe cases are refractory to corticosteroids, and symptoms of PRs persist and worsen. In such cases, alternative anti-inflammatory agents have been tried, and some case reports suggest the use of thalidomide [18, 19], tissue necrosis factor-α antagonists [20, 21], and interferon-γ [22] for PRs resistant to corticosteroids. Nevertheless, further studies are warranted to elucidate the effective therapy and mechanism of post-treatment PRs.
In summary, clinicians should be aware that PRs can occur long after the completion of tuberculous meningitis treatment, thereby necessitating a precise diagnosis with MRI for the early detection of post-treatment paradoxical tuberculomas. In such cases, corticosteroids remain a choice for treatment of post-treatment PRs and are seemingly safe, at least when the isolated M. tuberculosis is susceptible to the first-line anti-TB therapy and when given sufficiently for a specified period.
