Scabies impairs the health of humans and animals and causes heavy economic losses. Traditional diagnostic methods for scabies are inefficient and ineffective, and so far there is no commercial immunodiagnostic or molecular based test for scabies.
Methods
Here, we used recombinant Sarcoptes scabiei cofilin protein as an antigen to establish indirect ELISA. S. scabiei cofilin is highly homologous to Dermatophagoides farinae Der f 31 allergen (90 % identity). The S. scabiei cofilin gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to obtain recombinant protein. Western blotting and fluorescence immunohistochemistry were carried out, and we established an indirect ELISA method and detected 33 serum samples from scabies infected rabbits and 30 serum samples from naïve rabbits.
Results
Western blotting demonstrated that S. scabiei cofilin possessed good immunogenicity and fluorescence immunohistochemistry showed the S. scabiei cofilin is widespread in the splanchnic area of mites. In ELISA, a cut-off value of 0.188 was determined to judge experimental positive and negative serum values. Specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were 87.9 and 83.33 %, respectively.
Conclusions
Recombinant S. scabiei cofilin showed potential value as a diagnostic antigen. The ELISA method established could be used in clinical diagnosis and provide experimental information in minimal or asymptomatic infection.
Keywords
Sarcoptes scabieiCofilinImmunohistochemistryELISA
Background
Sarcoptes scabiei, as an ectoparasite, causes a disease named scabies which spreads worldwide in humans and companion animals, livestock and wildlife, such as dogs, sheep, goats, foxes, raccoons, camels, wombats, etc. Mites burrow into the stratum granulosum of the skin, feeding on epidermal cells and serum [1], and cause an intensely pruritic rash, which is usually more apparent at night [2]. Heavy scabiei named “crusted scabies” may immunocompromise patients, leading to severe damage of skin on a large scale or even death [3]. Scabiei can also facilitate secondary infection, resulting in a series of additional and serious complications, such as streptococcal infection, which can finally cause chronic kidney disease [4, 5]. Scabies impairs the quality of life in humans [6]. In animals, pruritus and hypersensitive dermatitis caused by mites may lead to economic loss because of depression in growth and feed conversion rates. Many countries and international organizations realize the importance of scabies, which is listed among the top 50 most prevalent diseases worldwide [7] and is treated as a “neglected tropical disease” [8].
Recently, an increasing number of S. scabiei antigens have been characterized and explored to reveal their role in mites and in the relationship between mites and hosts [9]. It is practical to produce S. scabiei recombinant proteins, which are useful tools to understand the biology of the mite and the immune responses of parasites and hosts. However, no commercial immunodiagnostic or molecular based tests are currently available for scabies.
Traditional diagnostic methods for scabies are normally based on clinical symptoms and on observed scratching of mites from patients and infected animals. Diagnosis depends on experienced physicians and the number of mites on infested hosts. It is hard to distinguish scabies from eczema, hairless tinea, lice and crab lice because of similar symptoms [10, 11]. As seroantibody is generated before the emergence of clinical symptoms, using S.scabiei antigens to detect antibodies in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a promising diagnostic avenue. ELISA could be efficient and effective for the early stage diagnosis of infection and the examination of patients and infested animals [12].
Cofilin, a member of the actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) family, exists in nearly all types of eukaryotic cells and plays important roles [13]. Especially in the modulation of actin dynamics [14] and is involved with various cell activities because of the essential function of actin in many processes such as cell migration, morphogenesis, endocytosis and cytokinesis [15, 16]. There has been much research on the functions of cofilins in parasites. Tammana et al. [17] deleted the ADF/cofilin gene of Leishmania, which resulted in several aberrations in the process of cell division. Kumar et al. [18] found the overexpression of ADF/cofilin protein impaired flagellum assembly and consequently cell motility in Leishmania donovani [17, 18]. Makioka et al. [19] analyzed three ADF/cofilin family proteins of Entamoeba invadens in relation to encystation and excystation. Additionally, experiments on cofilin have been conducted in Trypanosoma brucei, Eimeria tenella, Cryptocaryon irritans, Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum [20–26].
This study reports the cloning, expression and fluorescent immunolocalization of S. scabiei cofilin and an assessment of recombinant cofilin protein for diagnosis of scabies by ELISA.
Methods
Source and sera
Sarcoptes scabiei maintained on rabbits in Parasite Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University were harvested and unfed before handling. Total RNA was extracted from mites using an RNA isolation kit (Waston, Shanghai, China) and transcribed into cDNA using a cDNA synthesis kit (Fermentas); cDNA was stored at −70 °C until assay.
Thirty-three blood samples were collected from rabbits infected with S. scabiei and 30 blood samples were collected from naïve rabbits to test cross-reactions, serum samples were also collected from rabbits infected with Psoroptes cuniculi and Cysticercosis pisiformis. All blood samples were stored at −20 °C.
New Zealand rabbits were used in this study and were handled in strict accordance with the animal protection laws of the People’s Republic of China (a draft of an animal protection law in China was released on September 18, 2009). All procedures were carried out in strict accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals by the Animal Ethics Committee of Sichuan Agricultural University (Ya’an, China) (Approval No. 2011–028).
Cloning of cofilin gene and sequence analysis
The cofilin gene of S. scabiei, identified from NCBI within an expressed sequence tag (EST) (GenBank: BG817660), was amplified with primers which were designed using Primer 5.0 Software (forward primer: 5ʹ-AAATGGCCTCAGGTGTAACT-3ʹ; reverse primer: 5ʹ-GGTGGGT2233GAGATAATTTAGTTTC-3ʹ) (Invitrogen, Beijing, China). The PCR cycling conditions were: 94 °C for 5 min, 30 cycles of amplification at 94 °C for 1 min, 56 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 1 min, followed by a final extension step at 72 °C for 30 min. After extraction and purification using a QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit, PCR products were cloned into vector pMD19-T (TaKaRa Bio Co. Ltd., Dalian, China). Then the plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli strain DH5a (Fermentas) and sequenced by Invitrogen (Beijing, China). The amplified DNA sequence was analyzed and compared with the EST of S. scabiei cofilin using DNAMAN Software and compared against the NCBI database utilizing BLAST (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
Expression and purification of recombinant cofilin
BamHI and Xhol restriction enzymes were used to digest S.scabiei cofilin DNA fragments which were amplified by primers with the corresponding restriction sites (forward primer: 5ʹ-CGCGGATCCATGGCCTCAGGTGTAACT-3ʹ; reverse primer: 5ʹ-CCGCTCGAGGGTGAGATAATTTAGTTTC-3ʹ), using S.scabiei cDNA as template. The digested DNA fragments were then ligated into pET-32a (+) (Novagen, Germany) and transformed into E. coli DH5α cells. After certifying these clones were positive by colony-PCR, recombinant plasmids were extracted and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Novagen) for protein expression. Subsequently, bacteria for expression were cultivated overnight in 1 L LB medium at 37 °C and then induced for 4 h using isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at a final concentration of 1 mM. The expression of recombinant cofilin was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Ni-IDA Sefinose™ Resin (Bio-Rad) was used to purify the recombinant protein. The concentration of the purified protein was determined by biophotometer (Eppendorf).
Western blotting
Recombinant cofilin protein was detected by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane for 1 h in an electrophoretic transfer cell (Bio-Rad, USA). At room temperature, the membrane was blocked in TBST (40 mM Tris–HCl, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.1 Tween 20, pH 7.4) in 5 % skimmed milk for 2 h and then incubated with rabbit antiserum (diluted 1:200 with 1 % skimmed milk-TBST) overnight. Next, the membrane was washed three times using TBST, each for 5 min, before being incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody (diluted 1:1000) for 1 h. The membrane was then washed as before, and protein signals were detected using diaminobenzidine (DAB) reagent (Tiangen, China).
Fluorescence immunohistochemistry
In order to perform immunolocalization studies of Sarcoptes scabiei, antiserum against S. scabiei cofilin was raised in rabbits. Rabbit sera were collected before immunizing to provide reagents for negative controls. For the first immunization, 200 μg recombinant S. scabiei cofilin emulsified with equal volumes of Freund’s complete adjuvant (Sigma, USA) was injected subcutaneously. The second and third injection for boosting immunization were given mixing 100 μg protein with equal volumes of Freund’s incomplete adjuvant at a 2-week interval. Two weeks after the final injection, rabbit antisera were collected. The antibody titer was determined by ELISA. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) was further isolated from antisera using a Protein G- Sepharose column (Bio-Rad, USA).
Mites were fixed in 1%molten agarose and set in paraffin wax after solidification of the molten agarose, followed by using a rotary microtome to cut embedded mites into 5 μm thick sections. The sections were then rehydrated by immersing the slides successively in xylene twice for 10 min each, 100 % ethanol twice for 10 min each, 95 % ethanol for 5 min, 70 % ethanol for 5 min, 50 % ethanol for 5 min and lastly rinsing the slides with deionized H2O. Slides were treated to inactivate endogenous peroxidase by incubating in blocking buffer (3 % H2O2 in PBS) for 15 min at 37 °C and then immersed in 0.01 M sodium citrate buffer solution (pH 6.0) at 95 °C for 15 min for heat-induced epitope retrieval. After incubating in blocking buffer (5 % BSA in PBS) for 1 h at room temperature, tissue sections were then incubated with specific rabbit anti-cofilin antibodies (diluted 1:100 in TBS) overnight at 4 °C. After washing three times with TBS, the sections were then incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (AMRESCO, Texas, USA) (diluted 1:100) in 0.1 % Evans blue, at 37 °C, in the dark, for 1 h. From this step forward, samples were protected from light. Slides were mounted with an anti-fade mounting media and visualized using a fluorescence microscope.
Set-up of indirect ELISA and detecting serum samples
After optimizing the conditions for ELISA, this procedure was followed: each well of a 96-well plate was coated with 100 μL purified recombination cofilin protein overnight at 4 °C. The protein was diluted in PBS-T (16 mM Na2HPO4, 5 mM NaH2PO4, 120 mM NaCl, 0.05 % Tween 20, pH 7.4) to a concentration of 5 μg/mL in advance. The next day, plates were washed with PBS-T three times, each wash for 5 min, and then incubated with blocking buffer (0.5) dried skimmed milk) at 37 °C for 2 h. From this step forward, plates were washed with PBS-T between incubations as described above. Serums to be tested in the ELISA were diluted 1:100 in PBS-T and 100 μL of the diluted serum solution were added to every well and incubated for 45 min at 37 °C. Then, the secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) antibody) diluted 1:3000 in PBS-T was added and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. To reveal the reaction, the substrate 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was added to every well (100 μL) and incubated for 15 min. Lastly, the same volume of 1 M H2SO4 was added to stop the coloration and plates were read in an ELISA-reader at an absorbance of 450 nm to determine the optical densities (OD).
In total, 33 serum samples from scabies infected rabbits and 30 negative controls from naïve rabbits were tested. Serum samples from rabbits infected with P. cuniculi (n = 6) or C. pisiformis (n = 6) were used as controls for the determination of cross-reactivity. Experimental controls including background (all antibodies replaced with PBS-T), omission of antigen, omission of primary antibody and omission of secondary antibody were included.
Statistical analysis
As a measure of potential diagnostic performance, sensitivity and specificity were calculated: Sensitivity = ELISA positive samples/S. scabiei infected samples × 100 %; Specificity = ELISA negatives samples/S. scabiei non-infected samples × 100 % [27, 28]. The cut-off value between negative and positive results was calculated as the average measurement of the mange negative animals plus three times the standard deviation [29–31]. The coefficient of variation (CV) and the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were calculated by estimating the repeatability of the same samples measured within and between plates [32, 33].
Results
Recombinant cofilin and sequence analysis
The clone of the S. scabiei cofilin gene was sequenced and compared against the NCBI database utilizing BLAST searching. The S. scabiei cofilin gene, consisting of 447 nucleotides, encoded 148 amino acids and was predicted to translate to a 16.8 kDa outer membrane protein. After optimizing the expression conditions, recombinant S. scabiei cofilin protein was produced by E. coli BL21 (DE3). Then a Ni-chelating column was used to purify the recombinant protein, which was examined by SDS-PAGE (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
SDS-PAGE and Western blot of recombinant cofilin. Lanes: M: Protein molecular weight markers; 1: Whole cell extracts from non-induced cells containing pET32a-cofilin; 2: purified recombinant cofilin; 3: Western blot detection with S. scabiei infected rabbit antisera 4: Western blot detection with naïve serum
Western blotting and fluorescence immunohistochemistry
The recombinant protein reacted with sera from scabiei infested rabbits and there was no reaction between recombinant protein and negative sera (Fig. 1). Fluorescence immunohistochemistry showed S. scabiei cofilin is widespread in the splanchnic area of mites but not in the epidermal integument (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Immunolocalization of cofilin in sections of Sarcoptes scabiei. Panel a: staining with anti-cofilin as primary antibody; Panel b: control (no primary antibody). Annotation: S, splanchnic area; IE, epidermal integument
Indirect ELISA
The optimal coating concentration of antigen was 5 μg/mL, and the optimal working dilution of serum and secondary antibody was 1:100 and 1:3000, respectively. The cut-off value was 0.188; if OD450 ≥0.188, the serum was determined as positive, if OD450 <0.188, the serum was classed as negative. There was no significant cross-reactivity between the cofilin recombinant antigen and serum from rabbits infected with P. cuniculi or C. pisiformis (Fig. 3). The CV was 1.28–4.08 % and the CCC was 1.81–5.30 %. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were calculated as 83.33 and 87.9 %, respectively (Fig. 4). Thus, recombinant S. scabiei cofilin protein has value as an antigen to be used in indirect ELISA for the diagnosis of scabiei.
Fig. 3
Cross-reactivity in ELISA between S. scabiei, P. cuniculi and C. pisiformis. S.scabie: OD450nm results of serums from S.scabie infected rabbits; P. cuniculi: OD450nm results of serums from P. cuniculi infected rabbits; C. pisiformis: OD450nm results of serums from C. pisiformis infected rabbits
Fig. 4
ELISA of serum samples from S. scabiei infected rabbits and naïve rabbits
Discussion
This study characterized the S. scabiei cofilin gene and used its recombinant protein as an antigen in indirect ELISA for detecting the antibody in rabbit serum.
Western blotting showed the good immunogenicity of the S. scabiei cofilin protein and there was no band in negative controls. In fluorescence immunohistochemistry assay, S. scabiei cofilin located widely in the mites, which could be explained by the relationship between cofilin and actin.
Methods using recombinant allergens to diagnose parasite diseases such as infection with nematodes, cestodes, protozoa, hydatids and acaria are becoming prevalent [34–36]. Among these studies, recombinant antigens from mites such as thioredoxin peroxidase, Sar s 14.3, Pso o 2, Ssλ20Δ3 showed potential value for diagnosis. Sar s 14.3 and Pso o 2 are homologous with the allergens Der p 14 and Der f 2 of house dust mite, respectively [37–39]. Many allergens of house dust mite have been explored for diagnosis, of which Der p 1 is used for a reliable ELISA kit [40]. In our study, S. scabiei cofilin showed highly homology (90 % identity) with Der f 31, so it can be deduced that S. scabiei cofilin has potential value in exploring a standard procedure to diagnose scabies.
Although we observed no cross-reactivity between the recombinant cofilin antigen and the serum from rabbits infested with P. cuniculi or C. pisiformis, the OD450nm of these samples were all close to the cut-off value. This phenomenon might result in error judgment for those data close to threshold, and illustrate cross-reactivity that cannot be clearly determined might exist; further study is need to solve this problem. CV (1.28–4.08 %) and CCC (1.81–5.30 %) values demonstrated that the operation of the ELISA was reliable.
We determined a cut-off value of 0.188 and calculated specificity of 87.9 % and sensitivity of 83.33 %. In recent research on diagnosis of S. scabiei, a study using recombinant Sar s 14.3 protein as antigen in dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescent immunoassays (DELFIA) achieved 100 % sensitivity and 93.75 % specificity [37]. Kuhn immunoscreened six clones of sarcoptic mites to evaluate those expressed recombinant proteins as diagnostic antigens, in which the sensitivity ranged from 0 to 61.9 % [41]. The results of similar diagnostic research using recombinant proteins vary, probably because of the difference in the diagnostic assay applied in each study and/or the diversity in intrinsic characteristics of each antigen. According to Moendeg, cocktail-ELISA, mixing several good diagnostic antigens, might improve diagnostic potential and produce a method for multi-host species detection [42]. For scabies, further research is essential to establish a unified diagnostic method. Cofilin could be a potential diagnostic antigen for future diagnostic studies of scabies.
Conclusions
In general, S.scabiei cofilin is widespread in the splanchnic area of S. scabiei. Recombinant S. scabiei cofilin showed potential value as a diagnostic antigen. S.scabiei cofilin based indirect ELISA for detection of scabies in animals is sensitive and specific, which means the S.scabiei cofilin could be used to develop an ELISA-based serological test for the diagnosis of scabies in animals.
Abbreviations
ADF:
actin depolymerizing factor
Der f:
dermatophagoides farina
Der p:
dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
P. cuniculi
:
psoroptes cuniculi
Pso o:
psoroptes ovis
S.scabiei, Sar s, Ss:
sarcoptes scabiei
Declarations
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by a grant from the Research Fund (Project No. CPF2014-17) for the Chengdu Research of Giant Panda Breeding.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University
(2)
Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University
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