WHO, World health report 2005: Make every mother and child count. 2005, Geneva: WHO, 2005-
Google Scholar
Black RE, Cousens S, Johnson HL, Lawn JE, Rudan I, Bassani DG, Jha P, Campbell H, Walker CF, Cibulskis R, Eisele T, Liu L, Mathers C: Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2010, 375: 1969-1987. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60549-1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daniels R: Surviving the first hours in sepsis: getting the basics right (an intensivist's perspective). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011, 66 (suppl 2): ii11-ii23.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ng PC, Cheng SH, Chui KM, Fok TF, Wong MY, Wong W, Wong RP, Cheung KL: Diagnosis of late onset neonatal sepsis with cytokines, adhesion molecule, and C-reactive protein in preterm very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997, 77 (3): F221-F227. 10.1136/fn.77.3.F221.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Muller-Pebody B, Johnson AP, Heath PT, Gilbert RE, Henderson KL, Sharland M: Empirical treatment of neonatal sepsis: are the current guidelines adequate?. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010, 96 (1): F4-F8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iregbu KC, Elegba OY, Babaniyi IB: Bacteriological profile of neonatal septicaemia in a tertiary hospital in nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2006, 6 (3): 151-154.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hyde TB, Hilger TM, Reingold A, Farley MM, O'Brien KL, Schuchat A: Trends in incidence and antimicrobial resistance of early-onset sepsis: population-based surveillance in San francisco and atlanta. Pediatrics. 2002, 110 (4): 690-695. 10.1542/peds.110.4.690.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Isaacs D: To kill or to let die?. J Paediatr Child Health. 2003, 39 (2): 135-136. 10.1046/j.1440-1754.2003.00110.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tallur SS, Kasturi AV, Nadgir SD, Krishna BV: Clinico-bacteriological study of neonatal septicemia in hubli. Indian J Pediatr. 2000, 67 (3): 169-174. 10.1007/BF02723654.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Karthikeyan G, Premkumar K: Neonatal sepsis: staphylococcus aureus as the predominant pathogen. Indian J Pediatr. 2001, 68 (8): 715-717. 10.1007/BF02752407.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Evans JA, Adusei A, Timmann C, May J, Mack D, Agbenyega T, Horstmann RD, Frimpong E: High mortality of infant bacteraemia clinically indistinguishable from severe malaria. QJM. 2004, 97 (9): 591-597. 10.1093/qjmed/hch093.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schwarz NG, Sarpong N, Hunger F, Marks F, Acquah SE, Agyekum A, Nkrumah B, Loag W, Hagen RM, Evans JA, Dekker D, Fobil JN, Meyer CG, May J, Adu-Sarkodie Y: Systemic bacteraemia in children presenting with clinical pneumonia and the impact of non-typhoid salmonella (NTS). BMC Infect Dis. 2010, 10: 319-10.1186/1471-2334-10-319.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kollef MH: Inadequate antimicrobial treatment: an important determinant of outcome for hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2000, 31 (Suppl 4): S131-S138.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fiel S: Guidelines and critical pathways for severe hospital-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2001, 119 (2 Suppl): 412S-418S.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bellissimo-Rodrigues F: Antimicrobial drug use and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008, 14 (1): 187-author reply,187-8
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hardy DJ, Hulbert BB, Migneault PC: Time to detection of positive BacT/alert blood cultures and lack of need for routine subculture of 5- to 7-day negative cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 1992, 30 (10): 2743-2745.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Baron EJ, Scott JD, Tompkins LS: Prolonged incubation and extensive subculturing do not increase recovery of clinically significant microorganisms from standard automated blood cultures. Clin Infect Dis. 2005, 41 (11): 1677-1680. 10.1086/497595.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheesbrough M: District laboratory practice in tropcal countries part II. 2009, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2
Google Scholar
Garcia LS: Clinical microbiology procedures handbook, vloumes 1-3. 2010, American Society for Microbiology (ASM), 3
Google Scholar
Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M: Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol. 1966, 45 (4): 493-496.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 18th Informational supplement, M100-S18. 2008, Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
Google Scholar
Bates DW, Goldman L, Lee TH: Contaminant blood cultures and resource utilization. The true consequences of false-positive results. JAMA. 1991, 265 (3): 365-369. 10.1001/jama.1991.03460030071031.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weinstein MP: Blood culture contamination: persisting problems and partial progress. J Clin Microbiol. 2003, 41 (6): 2275-2278. 10.1128/JCM.41.6.2275-2278.2003.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Slonim AD, Kurtines HC, Sprague BM, Singh N: The costs associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2001, 2 (2): 170-174. 10.1097/00130478-200104000-00012.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yurdakok M: Antibiotic use in neonatal sepsis. Turk J Pediatr. 1998, 40 (1): 17-33.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Modi N, Dore CJ, Saraswatula A, Richards M, Bamford KB, Coello R, Holmes A: A case definition for national and international neonatal bloodstream infection surveillance. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009, 94 (1): F8-F12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lubell Y, Ashley EA, Turner C, Turner P, White NJ: Susceptibility of community-acquired pathogens to antibiotics in Africa and Asia in neonates–an alarmingly short review. Trop Med Int Health. 2011, 16 (2): 145-151. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02686.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Polage CR, Bedu-Addo G, Owusu-Ofori A, Frimpong E, Lloyd W, Zurcher E, Hale D, Petti CA: Laboratory use in ghana: physician perception and practice. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2006, 75 (3): 526-531.
Google Scholar
Meremikwu MM, Nwachukwu CE, Asuquo AE, Okebe JU, Utsalo SJ: Bacterial isolates from blood cultures of children with suspected septicaemia in calabar, Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis. 2005, 5: 110-10.1186/1471-2334-5-110.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Adedokun AA, Frank-Peterside N, Awah IJ, Obunge OK, Omakwele GCS: Incidence of septicaemia in children attending the university of port harcourt teaching hospital, PortHarcourt south-south Nigeria. International Science and Investigation journal. 2012, 23: 106-
Google Scholar
Ahmed AS, Chowdhury MA, Hoque M, Darmstadt GL: Clinical and bacteriological profile of neonatal septicemia in a tertiary level pediatric hospital in bangladesh. Indian Pediatr. 2002, 39 (11): 1034-1039.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aftab R, Iqbal I: Bacteriological agents of neonatal sepsis in NICU at nishtar hospital multan. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2006, 16 (3): 216-219.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aletayeb SMH, Khosravi AD, Dehdashtian M, Kompani F, Mortazavi SM, Aramesh MR: Identification of bacterial agents and antimicrobial susceptibility of neonatal sepsis: A 54-month study in a tertiary hospital. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2011, 5 (5): 528-531.
Google Scholar
Prober CG: Bacterial resistance and the dilemma of antibiotic usage. West J Med. 1997, 166 (5): 337-338.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Milledge J, Calis JC, Graham SM, Phiri A, Wilson LK, Soko D, Mbvwinji M, Walsh AL, Rogerson SR, Molyneux ME, Molyneux EM: Aetiology of neonatal sepsis in blantyre, malawi: 1996-2001. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2005, 25 (2): 101-110. 10.1179/146532805X45692.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mugalu J, Nakakeeto MK, Kiguli S, Kaddu-Mulindwa DH: Aetiology, risk factors and immediate outcome of bacteriologically confirmed neonatal septicaemia in mulago hospital, uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2006, 6 (2): 120-126.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fadel HJ, Patel R, Vetter EA, Baddour LM: Clinical significance of a single staphylococcus lugdunensis-positive blood culture. J Clin Microbiol. 2011, 49 (4): 1697-1699. 10.1128/JCM.02058-10.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ogunlesi TA, Ogunfowora OB, Osinupebi O, Olanrewaju DM: Changing trends in newborn sepsis in sagamu, nigeria: bacterial aetiology, risk factors and antibiotic susceptibility. J Paediatr Child Health. 2011, 47 (1–2): 5-11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sgro M, Shah PS, Campbell D, Tenuta A, Shivananda S, Lee SK: Early-onset neonatal sepsis: rate and organism pattern between, 2003 and 2008. J Perinatol. 2011, 31 (12): 794-798. 10.1038/jp.2011.40.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Craft A, Finer N: Nosocomial coagulase negative staphylococcal (CoNS) catheter-related sepsis in preterm infants: definition, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and prevention. J Perinatol. 2001, 21 (3): 186-192. 10.1038/sj.jp.7200514.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rubin LG, Sanchez PJ, Siegel J, Levine G, Saiman L, Jarvis WR: Evaluation and treatment of neonates with suspected late-onset sepsis: a survey of neonatologists' practices. Pediatrics. 2002, 110 (4): e42-10.1542/peds.110.4.e42.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Natoli S, Fontana C, Favaro M, Bergamini A, Testore GP, Minelli S, Bossa MC, Casapulla M, Broglio G, Beltrame A, Cudillo L, Cerretti R, Leonardis F: Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates from blood with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides and therapeutic options. BMC Infect Dis. 2009, 9: 83-10.1186/1471-2334-9-83.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Moureau NL: Are your skin-prep and catheter maintenance techniques up-to-date?. Nursing. 2009, 39 (5): 15-16.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lautenbach E, Polk RE: Resistant gram-negative bacilli: A neglected healthcare crisis?. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007, 64 (23 Suppl 14): S3-21-quiz S22-4
Article
Google Scholar
Orsi GB, d'Ettorre G, Panero A, Chiarini F, Vullo V, Venditti M: Hospital-acquired infection surveillance in a neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control. 2009, 37 (3): 201-203. 10.1016/j.ajic.2008.05.009.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
The WHO Young Infants Study Group: Conclusions from the WHO multicenter study of serious infections in young infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999, 18 (10 Suppl): S32-S34.
Google Scholar
Seale AC, Mwaniki M, Newton CR, Berkley JA: Maternal and early onset neonatal bacterial sepsis: burden and strategies for prevention in sub-saharan africa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009, 9 (7): 428-438. 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70172-0.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gray KJ, Bennett SL, French N, Phiri AJ, Graham SM: Invasive group B streptococcal infection in infants, malawi. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007, 13 (2): 223-229. 10.3201/eid1302.060680.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ: Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), Revised Guidelines from CDC, Recommendations and Reports. 2010, 59 (RR10): 1-32.
Google Scholar
Jiang JH, Chiu NC, Huang FY, Kao HA, Hsu CH, Hung HY, Chang JH, Peng CC: Neonatal sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit: characteristics of early versus late onset. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2004, 37 (5): 301-306.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Green SD, Cheesbrough JS: Salmonella bacteraemia among young children at a rural hospital in western zaire. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1993, 13 (1): 45-53.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brent AJ, Oundo JO, Mwangi I, Ochola L, Lowe B, Berkley JA: Salmonella bacteremia in kenyan children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006, 25 (3): 230-236. 10.1097/01.inf.0000202066.02212.ff.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hung TY, Liu MC, Hsu CF, Lin YC: Rotavirus infection increases the risk of bacteremia in children with nontyphoid salmonella gastroenteritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009, 28 (4): 425-428. 10.1007/s10096-008-0641-0.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Klein JO: From harmless commensal to invasive pathogen–coagulase-negative staphylococci. N Engl J Med. 1990, 323 (5): 339-340. 10.1056/NEJM199008023230511.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS: Red book: 2009 report of the committee on infectious diseases. 2009, Elk Grove Village, IL: 2009, American Academy of Pediatrics, 28
Google Scholar
Gordon A, Isaacs D: Late-onset infection and the role of antibiotic prescribing policies. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2004, 17 (3): 231-236. 10.1097/00001432-200406000-00010.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Linkin DR, Fishman NO, Patel JB, Merrill JD, Lautenbach E: Risk factors for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004, 25 (9): 781-783. 10.1086/502477.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krishna BVS, Patil AB, Chandrasekhar MR: Extended spectrum beta lactamase producing klebsiella pneumoniae in neonatal intensive care unit. Indian J Pediatr. 2007, 74 (7): 627-630. 10.1007/s12098-007-0111-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thaver D, Ali SA, Zaidi AK: Antimicrobial resistance among neonatal pathogens in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009, 28 (1 Suppl): S19-S21.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Clark RH, Bloom BT, Spitzer AR, Gerstmann DR: Empiric use of ampicillin and cefotaxime, compared with ampicillin and gentamicin, for neonates at risk for sepsis is associated with an increased risk of neonatal death. Pediatrics. 2006, 117 (1): 67-74. 10.1542/peds.2005-0179.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cotten CM, Taylor S, Stoll B, Goldberg RN, Hansen NI, Sanchez PJ, Ambalavanan N, Benjamin DK: Prolonged duration of initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with increased rates of necrotizing enterocolitis and death for extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2009, 123 (1): 58-66. 10.1542/peds.2007-3423.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cotten CM, McDonald S, Stoll B, Goldberg RN, Poole K, Benjamin DK: The association of third-generation cephalosporin use and invasive candidiasis in extremely low birth-weight infants. Pediatrics. 2006, 118 (2): 717-722. 10.1542/peds.2005-2677.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Saleem AF, Ahmed I, Mir F, Ali SR, Zaidi AK: Pan-resistant acinetobacter infection in neonates in karachi, pakistan. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009, 4 (1): 30-37.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roy S, Viswanathan R, Singh A, Das P, Basu S: Gut colonization by multidrug-resistant and carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii in neonates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010, 29 (12): 1495-1500. 10.1007/s10096-010-1030-z.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar