World Health Organization: Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing. 2009, Accessed 02 October 2010, [http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2009/en/index.html]
Google Scholar
Middelkoop K, Bekker LG, Myer L, Dawson R, Wood R: Rates of tuberculosis transmission to children and adolescents in a community with a high prevalence of HIV infection among adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2008, 47: 349-355. 10.1086/589750.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shanaube K, Sismanidis C, Ayles H, Beyers N, Schaap A, Lawrence KA, Barker A, Godfrey-Faussett P: Annual risk of tuberculous infection using different methods in communities with a high prevalence of TB and HIV in Zambia and South Africa. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e7749-10.1371/journal.pone.0007749.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Odhiambo JA, Borgdorff MW, Kiambih FM, Kibuga DK, Kwamanga DO, Ng'ang'a L, Agwanda R, Kalisvaart NA, Misljenovic O, Nagelkerke NJ, Bosman M: Tuberculosis and the HIV epidemic: increasing annual risk of tuberculous infection in Kenya, 1986-1996. Am J Public Health. 1999, 89: 1078-1082. 10.2105/AJPH.89.7.1078.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Egwaga SM, Cobelens FG, Muwinge H, Verhage C, Kalisvaart N, Borgdorff MW: The impact of the HIV epidemic on tuberculosis transmission in Tanzania. AIDS. 2006, 20: 915-921. 10.1097/01.aids.0000218557.44284.83.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wood R, Liang H, Wu H, Middelkoop K, Oni T, Rangaka MX, Wilkinson RJ, Bekker LG, Lawn SD: Changing prevalence of tuberculosis infection with increasing age in high-burden townships in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010, 14: 406-412.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cauthen GM, Pio A, ten Dam HG: Annual risk of tuberculous infection. 1988. Bull World Health Organ. 2002, 80: 503-511.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Thompson NJ, Glassroth JL, Snider DE, Farer LS: The booster phenomenon in serial tuberculin testing. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979, 119: 587-597.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sutherland I: Recent studies in the epidemiology of tuberculosis, based on the risk of being infected with tubercle bacilli. Adv Tuberc Res. 1976, 19: 1-63.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Podgor MJ, Leske MC: Estimating incidence from age-specific prevalence for irreversible diseases with differential mortality. Stat Med. 1986, 5: 573-578. 10.1002/sim.4780050604.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nagelkerke N, Heisterkamp S, Borgdorff M, Broekmans J, Van Houwelingen H: Semi-parametric estimation of age-time specific infection incidence from serial prevalence data. Stat Med. 1999, 18: 307-320. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990215)18:3<307::AID-SIM15>3.0.CO;2-Z.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hallett TB, Zaba B, Todd J, Lopman B, Mwita W, Biraro S, Gregson S, Boerma JT: Estimating incidence from prevalence in generalised HIV epidemics: methods and validation. PLoS Med. 2008, 5: e80-10.1371/journal.pmed.0050080.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Leske MC, Ederer F, Podgor M: Estimating incidence from age-specific prevalence in glaucoma. Am J Epidemiol. 1981, 113: 606-613.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Williams B, Gouws E, Wilkinson D, Karim SA: Estimating HIV incidence rates from age prevalence data in epidemic situations. Stat Med. 2001, 20: 2003-2016. 10.1002/sim.840.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Freeman J, Hutchison GB: Prevalence, incidence and duration. Am J Epidemiol. 1980, 112: 707-723.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Middelkoop K, Bekker LG, Myer L, Johnson LF, Kloos M, Morrow C, Wood R: Antiretroviral therapy and TB notification rates in a high HIV prevalence South African community. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011, 56: 263-269. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31820413b3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
The South African Tuberculosis Control Programme. Practical Guidelines. 2004, Pretoria, South Africa: South African Department of Health, Accessed 02 October 2010, [http://www.capegateway.gov.za/Text/2003/tb_guidelines2000.pdf]
Guidance for National Tuberculosis Programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. Chapter 1: introduction and diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006, 10: 1091-1097.
Arnadottir T, Rieder HL, Trebucq A, Waaler HT: Guidelines for conducting tuberculin skin test surveys in high prevalence countries. Tuber Lung Dis. 1996, 1 (Suppl 1): 77-19.
Google Scholar
Bass JA, Serio RA: The use of repeat skin tests to eliminate the booster phenomenon in serial tuberculin testing. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981, 123: 394-396.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fine PE, Bruce J, Ponnighaus JM, Nkhosa P, Harawa A, Vynnycky E: Tuberculin sensitivity: conversions and reversions in a rural African population. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999, 3: 962-975.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Menzies D: Interpretation of repeated tuberculin tests. Boosting, conversion, and reversion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999, 159: 15-21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cox DR, Stuart A: Some quick sign tests for trend in location and dispersion. Biometrika. 1955, 42: 80-95.
Article
Google Scholar
Conover WJ: Practical Nonparametric Statistics. 1999, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 169-176.
Google Scholar
Middelkoop K, Bekker LG, Myer L, Whitelaw A, Grant AD, Kaplan G, McIntyre J, Wood R: Antiretroviral program associated with reduction in untreated prevalent tuberculosis in a South African township. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010, 182 (8): 1080-5. 10.1164/rccm.201004-0598OC.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Middelkoop K, Wood R, Myer L, Sebastian E, Bekker LG: Can antiretroviral therapy contain a previously escalating TB epidemic in a high HIV prevalence community?. 5th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. CDB041
Nyboe J: Interpretation of tuberculosis infection age curves. Bull World Health Organ. 1957, 17: 319-339.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Middelkoop K, Bekker LG, Morrow C, Zwane E, Wood R: Childhood tuberculosis infection and disease: a spatial and temporal transmission analysis in a South African township. S Afr Med J. 2009, 99: 738-743.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mossong J, Hens N, Jit M, Beutels P, Auranen K, Mikolajczyk R, Massari M, Salmaso S, Tomba GS, Wallinga J, Heijne J, Sadkowska-Todys M, Rosinska M, Edmunds WJ: Social contacts and mixing patterns relevant to the spread of infectious diseases. PLoS Med. 2008, 5: e74-10.1371/journal.pmed.0050074.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, Schoenbaum EE, Vermund SH, Klein RS, Walker AT, Friedland GH: A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1989, 320: 545-550. 10.1056/NEJM198903023200901.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sheriff FG, Manji KP, Manji MP, Chagani MM, Mpembeni RM, Jusabani AM, Alwani ZR, Karimjee TS: Latent tuberculosis among pregnant mothers in a resource poor setting in Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2010, 10: 52-10.1186/1471-2334-10-52.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Riley RL: Transmission and Environmental Control of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. A Comprehensive International Approach. Edited by: Reichman LB, Hershfield ES. 1993, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 66: 123-136.
Google Scholar
Sutherland I: The Evolution of Clinical Tuberculosis in Adolescents. Tubercle. 1966, 47: 308-
Google Scholar
Snider DE, Cauthen GM: Tuberculin skin testing of hospital employees: infection, "boosting," and two-step testing. Am J Infect Control. 1984, 12: 305-311. 10.1016/0196-6553(84)90001-4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Al Mazrou AM: Booster effect of two-step tuberculin skin testing among hospital employees from areas with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004, 25: 1117-1120. 10.1086/502355.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Menzies R, Vissandjee B, Amyot D: Factors associated with tuberculin reactivity among the foreign-born in Montreal. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992, 146: 752-756.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Menzies R, Vissandjee B, Rocher I, St Germain Y: The booster effect in two-step tuberculin testing among young adults in Montreal. Ann Intern Med. 1994, 120: 190-198.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Friedland IR: The booster effect with repeat tuberculin testing in children and its relationship to BCG vaccination. S Afr Med J. 1990, 77: 387-389.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Suwanagool S, Chuenarom V, Pechthanon L, Sonjai A, Leelarasamee A, Pathrakom C: A comparative study of tuberculin skin test reactivity between asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive subjects and healthy volunteers. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1995, 13: 139-144.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cobelens FG, Egwaga SM, van Ginkel T, Muwinge H, Matee MI, Borgdorff MW: Tuberculin skin testing in patients with HIV infection: limited benefit of reduced cutoff values. Clin Infect Dis. 2006, 43: 634-639. 10.1086/506432.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Markowitz N, Hansen NI, Wilcosky TC, Hopewell PC, Glassroth J, Kvale PA, Mangura BT, Osmond D, Wallace JM, Rosen MJ, Reichman LB: Tuberculin and anergy testing in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative persons. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1993, 119: 185-193.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Huebner RE, Schein MF, Hall CA, Barnes SA: Delayed-type hypersensitivity anergy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons screened for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1994, 19: 26-32. 10.1093/clinids/19.1.26.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buchanan M, Fransman D: BCG Vaccination change over in South Africa. Child Health Unit. Accessed 10 October 2010, [http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/chu/mch16f.rtf]
Grindulis H, Baynham MI, Scott PH, Thompson RA, Wharton BA: Tuberculin response two years after BCG vaccination at birth. Arch Dis Child. 1984, 59: 614-619. 10.1136/adc.59.7.614.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Johnson LF, Dorrington RE: Modelling the demographic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa and the likely impact of interventions. Demographic Research. 2006, 14: 541-574.
Article
Google Scholar
Actuarial Society of South Africa: ASSA2003 AIDS and Demographic model. 2005, Accessed 10 October 2010, [http://aids.actuarialsociety.org.za/ASSA2003-Model-3165.htm]
Google Scholar
Pettifor AE, Levandowski BA, MacPhail C, Padian NS, Cohen MS, Rees HV: Keep them in school: the importance of education as a protective factor against HIV infection among young South African women. Int J Epidemiol. 2008, 37: 1266-1273. 10.1093/ije/dyn131.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pettifor AE, Rees HV, Kleinschmidt I, Steffenson AE, MacPhail C, Hlongwa-Madikizela L, Vermaak K, Padian NS: Young people's sexual health in South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviors from a nationally representative household survey. AIDS. 2005, 19: 1525-1534. 10.1097/01.aids.0000183129.16830.06.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daley CL, Small PM, Schecter GF, Schoolnik GK, McAdam RA, Jacobs WR, Hopewell PC: An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. An analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms. N Engl J Med. 1992, 326: 231-235. 10.1056/NEJM199201233260404.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krivinka R, Drapela J, Kubik A, Dankova D, Krivanek J, Ruzha J, Mikova Z, Hejdova E: Epidemiological and Clinical Study of Tuberculosis in the District of Kolin, Czechoslovakia: second report (1965-72). Bulletin of World Health Organisation. 1974, 51: 59-69.
CAS
Google Scholar