From: Predictors of quality of life of TB/HIV co-infected patients in the Northern region of Ghana
Variables | Overall QOL | cOR(95% CI) | p-value | aOR(95% CI) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor n = 149(%) | Good n = 64(%) | |||||
Sex | ||||||
  Female | 59(61.5) | 37(38.5) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Male | 90(76.9) | 27(23.1) | 0.48(0.26–0.87) | 0.015* | 0.42(0.20–0.88) | 0.021** |
Marital status | ||||||
  Married | 97(62.6) | 58(37.4) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Single | 52(89.7) | 6(10.3) | 5.18(2.10–12.81) | 0.000* | 9.69(3.08–30.51) | 0.001** |
Religion | ||||||
  Christian | 44(53.0) | 39(47.0) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Islam | 105(80.8) | 25(19.2) | 0.27(0.15–0.50) | 0.000* | 0.19(0.09–0.42) | 0.001** |
Educational level | ||||||
  No formal education | 33(89.2) | 4(10.8) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Primary school | 28(71.8) | 11(28.2) | 3.24(0.93–11.32) | 0.065 | 6.95(1.65–29.23) | 0.008** |
  JHS/Middle school | 6(40.0) | 9(60.0) | 12.38(2.86–53.51) | 0.001* | 41.63(7.54–229.89) | 0.001** |
  SHS/A-level/Tech/Voc | 56(71.8) | 22(28.2) | 3.24(1.03–10.23) | 0.045* | 6.16(1.70–22.34) | 0.006** |
  Tertiary | 26(59.1) | 18(40.9) | 5.71(1.72–18.95) | 0.004* | 6.32(1.64–24.38) | 0.007** |
Current employment status | ||||||
  Not employed | 131(78.4) | 36(21.6) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Employed | 18(39.1) | 28(60.9) | 5.66(2.82–11.37) | 0.000* | 5.23(1.87–14.60) | 0.002** |
Employment type | ||||||
  Government | 4(20.0) | 16(80.0) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Private self | 6(37.5) | 10(62.5) | 0.06(0.01–0.42) | 0.004* | 0.07(0.01–0.61) | 0.016 |
  Private non-self | 8(80.0) | 2(20.0) | 0.42(0.09–1.85) | 0.250 | 0.78(0.14–4.26) | 0.775 |
Average monthly income (GH¢) | ||||||
  ≤ 500 | 98(72.6) | 37(27.4) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  501–1000 | 29(80.6) | 7(19.4) | 0.64(0.26–1.59) | 0.334 | 1.19(0.64–2.20) | 0.586 |
  1001–1500 | 9(100.0) | 0(0.0) | - | - | - | - |
  1501–2000 | 8(100.0) | 0(0.0) | - | - | - | - |
  > 2000 | 5(20.0) | 20(80.0) | 10.60(3.71–30.29) | 0.000 | - | - |
Residency | ||||||
  Rural | 17(73.9) | 6(26.1) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Peri-urban | 39(86.7) | 6(13.3) | 0.44(0.12–1.55) | 0.199 | 0.55(0.14–2.14) | 0.388 |
  Urban | 93(64.1) | 52(35.9) | 1.58(0.59–4.27) | 0.363 | 1.54(0.50–4.78) | 0.451 |
Transport | ||||||
  Private vehicle | 1(11.1) | 8(88.9) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Commercial motorcycle | 89(70.1) | 38(29.9) | 0.05(0.01–0.44) | 0.007* | 0.06(0.01–0.48) | 0.009** |
  Commercial bus | 59(79.7) | 15(20.3) | 0.03(0.01–0.27) | 0.002* | 0.04(0.01–0.35) | 0.004** |
  Other means | 0(0.00) | 3(100.0) | - | - | - | - |
Depression status | ||||||
  Not depressed | 22(42.3) | 30(57.7) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Mildly depressed | 55(71.4) | 22(28.6) | 0.29(0.14–0.62) | 0.001* | 0.20(0.08–0.52) | 0.001** |
  Moderately depressed | 43(79.6) | 11(20.4) | 0.19(0.08–0.44) | 0.000* | 0.15(0.05–0.45) | 0.001** |
  Severely depressed | 29(96.7) | 1(3.3) | 0.03(0.01–0.20) | 0.000* | 0.029(0.01–0.29) | 0.003** |
Stigma status | ||||||
  Not stigmatized | 17(43.6) | 22(56.4) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Stigmatized | 132(75.9) | 42(24.1) | 0.25(0.12–0.51) | 0.000* | 0.31(0.11–0.85) | 0.022** |
Exercise status | ||||||
  Exercises | 109(76.8) | 33(23.2) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Do not exercise | 38(55.1) | 31(44.9) | 0.37(0.20–0.69) | 0.002* | 0.29(0.12–0.67) | 0.004** |
Adherence to medications | ||||||
  Non-adherence | 42(93.3) | 3(6.7) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Adherence | 107(63.7) | 61(36.3) | 7.98(2.37–26.84) | 0.001* | 6.36(1.52–26.65) | 0.011** |
Out of pocket purchase of drugs | ||||||
  No | 145(71.4) | 58(28.6) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Yes | 2(25.0) | 6(75.0) | 7.50(1.47–38.24) | 0.015* | 7.70(1.50–39.52) | 0.015** |
TB category | ||||||
  Category 1 | 147(71.0) | 60(29.0) | Ref |  | Ref |  |
  Category 2 | 2(33.3) | 4(66.7) | 4.90(0.87–27.47) | 0.071 | 6.76(0.96–47.74) | 0.055 |