Table 2 Prevalence of viral respiratory tract pathogens among viral SARI cases and association with very severe viral acute respiratory infections (VSVARI) among children under five years of age

Respiratory syncytial virus

212(18.3)

70(20.3)

1.2(0.9–1.7)

0.24

0.9(0.6–1.3)

0.526

Rhinovirus

449(38.7)

149(43.3)

1.3(1.01–1.7)

0.038*

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Parechovirus

14(1.2)

5(1.5)

1.3(0.4-4)

0.62

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Human parainfluenza virus 1

31(2.7)

3(0.9)

0.25(0.07–0.8)

0.022*

0.2(0.1–0.7)

0.009**

Human parainfluenza virus 2

21(1.8)

7(2)

1.2(0.5-3)

0.712

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Human parainfluenzavirus 3

80(6.9)

30(8.7)

1.5(0.9–2.3)

0.114

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Human parainfluenzavirus 4

57(4.9)

18(5.2)

1.1(0.6–1.9)

0.751

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Influenza A

160(13.8)

35(10.2)

0.6(0.4–0.9)

0.021*

1.6(1.02–2.4)

0.04*

Influenza B

77(6.6)

16(4.7)

0.6(0.3–1.1)

0.080

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Influenza C

15(1.3)

3(0.9)

0.6(0.16–2.1)

0.414

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Human metapneumovirus

75(6.5)

28(8.1)

1.4(0.9–2.3)

0.135

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---

Enterovirus

150(12.9)

49(14.2)

1.2(0.81–1.7)

0.391

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---

Coronavirus OC43

43(3.7)

9(2.6)

0.6(0.3–1.3)

0.205

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Coronavirus NL63

30(2.6)

13(3.8)

1.8(0.9–3.8)

0.102

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Coronavirus HKU1

39(3.4)

6(1.7)

0.42(0.2–1.01)

0.054

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Coronavirus 229E

11(0.9)

3(0.9)

0.9(0.2–3.3)

0.861

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Bocavirus

118(10.2)

43(12.5)

1.4(0.9–2.1)

0.091

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Adenovirus

256(22.1)

76(22.1)

1(0.7–1.3)

0.998

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Staphylococcus aureus

205(17.7)

70(20.3)

1.3(0.9–1.8)

0.124

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Klebsiella pneumoniae

385(33.2)

150(43.6)

1.9(1.4–2.5)

< 0.001**

1.6(1.2–2.2)

0.001

Legionella pneumophil /Legionella longbeach

1(0.1)

0(0)

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Streptococcus pneumoniae

683(58.9)

224(65.1)

1.4(1.1–1.9)

0.006**

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Bordetella spp.

5(0.4)

1(0.3)

0.6(0.06–5.3)

0.639

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Chlamydia pneumoniae

2(0.2)

1(0.3)

2.3(0.14-38)

0.542

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Haemophilus influenzae

516(44.5)

172(50)

1.36(1.1–1.8)

0.015*

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Haemophilus influenzae type b

22(1.9)

13(3.8)

3.5(1.5-8)

0.004**

2.7(1.1–6.7)

0.03*

Moraxella catarrhalis

514(44.3)

173(50.3)

1.4(1.1–1.8)

0.008**

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae

10(0.9)

3(0.9)

1.01(0.3–3.9)

0.982

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Pneumocystis jirovecii

29(2.5)

11(3.2)

1.4(0.7–3.1)

0.327

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Salmonella spp

2(0.2)

1(0.3)

2.4(0.15-38)

0.542

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virus-bacteria codetection

 No

165(14.2)

28(8.1)

1(ref.)

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 Yes

994(85.8)

316(91.9)

2.3(1.5–3.5)

< 0.001**

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Type of bacterial codetection

 No bacteria

165(14.2)

28(8.1)

1(ref.)

1(ref.)

 Mono-detection

251(21.7)

63(18.3)

1.6(1-2.7)

0.051

1.5(0.9–2.4)

0.152

 Multiple bacterial codetection

743(64.1)

253(73.5)

2.5(1.6–3.9)

< 0.001**

2.2(1.4–3.5)

0.001**

Type of mixed viral infection

 Monoviral detection

584(50.4)

166(48.3)

1(ref.)

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 Two viruses

398(34.4)

122(35.5)

1.1(0.8–1.5)

0.451

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 Three and more viruses

176(15.2)

56(16.3)

1.2(0.8–1.7)

0.386

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