Epidemiological and clinical burden of Clostridioides difficile infections and recurrences between 2015 − 2019: the RECUR Germany study

Table 6 Risk of any complication at 12-months of follow-up (time-dependent analysis)

Variable	CDI patients		Unadjusted model			Adjusted model^c
Variable	N	HR	95% CI for HR	P-value	HR	95% CI for HR	P-value
rCDI
x per number increase	9,977	1.31	(1.17; 1.46)	< 0.001	1.31	(1.17; 1.46)	< 0.001
Gender
Female	5,217	-	-	-	1.00
Male	4,760	-	-	-	1.26	(1.12; 1.41)	< 0.001
Baseline characteristics
Pre-index medications^a	7,990	-	-	-	1.42	(1.21; 1.67)	< 0.001
Pre-index medical procedures^b	1,168	-	-	-	1.59	(1.37; 1.84)	< 0.001
Pre-index hospitalisations	7,665	-	-	-	1.36	(1.16; 1.59)	< 0.001
Pre-index primary care consultations	9,917	-	-	-	0.54	(0.29; 0.99)	0.048
Pre-index outpatient consultations	1,557	-	-	-	1.25	(1.08; 1.43)	0.002
Pre-index admittances to ICU	825	-	-	-	1.25	(1.05; 1.5)	0.013
Pre-index comorbidities (at least one, any of them)	9,253	-	-	-	1.8	(1.33; 2.44)	< 0.001
Setting of treatment
Community-treated	1,161	-	-	-	1.00
Hospitalised	8,816	-	-		2.18	(1.72; 2.77)	< 0.001

^a including antibiotics (cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, penicillins, rifaximin, clindamycin), laxatives, PPIs, H2-receptor antagonists, selective immunosuppressants, TNF-α inhibitors, interleukin inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, other immunosuppressants, chemotherapies/ antineoplastic agents
^b including gastrointestinal surgeries (appendectomy, bariatric surgeries, bowel resection surgeries, subtotal colectomy, ileostomy) and nasogastric tube placement
^c Variables included in the model: rCDIs, age, gender, pre-index medications, pre-index medical procedures, pre-index hospitalisations, pre-index primary care consultations, pre-index outpatient consultations, pre-index admittances to ICU, pre-index diagnosis tests, pre-index comorbidities (any), setting of treatment, setting of infection
CDI: C. difficile infection; CI: Confidence interval; HR: Hazard ratio; ICU: Intensive care unit; PPIs: proton-pump inhibitors; rCDI: Recurrent C. difficile infection; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha

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