Table 3 Basic characteristics of included patients
Case load | Age /Gender | Symptom | Past medical history and associated risk factors | Diagnosis | Imaging performance | Limit/extensive | Delay diagnosis or not | Therapy | Outcome | The year of publication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 [4] | 44/female | Hemoptysis Cough Blood in sputum Weight loss Anorexia | None | BALF culture | Hollow lesion in the left upper lobe, Bronchiectasia | Limit | Yes, Anti-TB Antibiotic treatment | Voriconazole → Surgery→ Voriconazole | Cure | 2020 |
2 [5] | 73/female | None | None | BALF and TBLB sample culture | Single bossing | Limit | No | Surgery | Cure | 2018 |
3 [6] | 72/male | Fever Hemoptysis | TB at the age of 30 years | Sputum culture | Hollow lesion pulmonary infiltration, Air crescent sign | Extensive | Yes, Misdiagnosed as aspergillus infection | Miconazole | Not mention | 2005 |
4 [7] | 24 /male | Chronic cough Expectoration Intermittent Hemoptysis | Tooth decay recurrent oral abscesses | Lung biopsy culture | Hollow lesion typical of a fungal ball | Limit | Yes, Antibiotic treatment | Itraconazole →Surgery | Not mention | 2005 |
5 [8] | 47 /male | Hemoptysis Cough Expectoration Dyspnea | TB for 6 years | Sputum culture | Fungal bulb, Bilateral uneven infiltrating foci | Limit | No | Itraconazole →Surgery | Cure | 2014 |
6 [9] | 59 /female | Fever | None | BALF culture and DNA sequence | Infiltrates and nodular lesions on both sides of the lungs | Extensive | Yes, Misdiagnosed as aspergillus infection, treated with micafengin, in parallel with empiric antimicrobial therapy | Voriconazole, Liposomal Amphotericin | Improve | 2011 |
7 [10] | 26 /male | Cough Expectoration Fever Spontaneous Pneumothora Fungal empyema | S. apiospermum infection | BALF culture | Bronchiectasia Multiple cavities with nodules Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes | Extensive | No | Posaconazole →Surgery→ Posaconazole | Cure | 2011 |
8 [11] | 40/male | Cough Hemoptysis | TB for 15 years | Postoperative specimens culture | Typical fungal balls Air crescent sign | Extensive | Yes, Misdiagnosed as TB and Aspergillus infection | Voriconazole | Cure | 2016 |
9 [12] | 51/female | Dry cough Night sweats | None | BALF culture | Hollow lesion Airway dilation | Limit | Yes, considered as contaminant | Voriconazole → Surgery | Cure | 2017 |
10 [13] | 83/female | Cough Blood in sputum Fatigue Dyspnea | Bronchiectasia COPD Chronic atrial fibrillation | BALF culture | Bronchiectasia Tree bud sign | Limit | No | Voriconazole | Cure | 2021 |
11 [14] | 72/female | Hemoptysis Fever Polypnea | Pulmonary arterial hypertension | Boold culture | Both lungs are scattered in blurred patches | Extensive | No | Voriconazole and Amphotericin B →Terbinafine | Cure | 2020 |
12 [15] | 67/male | Hemoptysis Fever | Non-tuberculous Mycobacte for 15 years | BALF culture | Fungal sphere cavular lesions | Limit | No | Voriconazole | Cure | 2021 |
13 [16] | 67/male | Cough Hemoptysis Dyspnea | Bronchiectasia TB | BALF culture | Hollow lesions Bronchiectasia Tree bud sign | Extensive | Yes, Antibacterial therapy | Itraconazole Voriconazole | Cure | 2015 |
14 [17] | 71/male | Fever Cough Expectoration | TB Hypertension | BALF culture and lung tissue biopsy smear | Hollow lesions Fungal sphere-like shadows | limit | Yes, Misdiagnosed as Aspergillus | Voriconazole | Cure | 2011 |
15 [18] | 74/female | None | Mycobacterium tuberculosis avium infection | BALF culture | Bronchiectasia, Cavity, Nodules | Extensive | No | Voriconazole | Cure | 2020 |
16 [19] | 54/female | Fever Dry cough Dyspnoea Weight loss | TB | Sputum culture | Left lower lung infiltration and diffuse small nodular infiltration in the right lung | Extensive | No | Miconazole nitrate Ketoconazole | Cure | 1997 |
17 [20] | 68/male | Cough Purulent sputum Hemoptysis Night sweats Fever Dyspnea Weight loss Fatigue Anorexia | TB 40 years before | Sputum culture | A thick walled cavity with necrosis | Extensive | No | Voriconazole →Surgery | Death | 2007 |
18 [21] | 36/female | Chest pain Fever Cough Purulent sputum Dyspnea | DM | Postoperative tissue culture | A nodular mass with meniscus sign in the right lower lobe with undefined border | Limit | No | Surgery | Cure | 2004 |
19 [22] | 57/female | Right-side chest pain Hemoptysis | TB | Postoperative tissue culture | Partial fibroatelectasic retraction of the left upper lobe and a thin-walled cavity | Limit | No | Surgery | Cure | 2004 |
20 [22] | 61/female | Cough Hemoptysis | TB | Sputum culture and BLAF culture | Numerous cavities with indwelling fungal balls Bronchiectasis | Extensive | No | Voriconazole and Bronchial artery embolism | Cure | 2011 |
21 [23] | 55/male | none | History of bladder cancer | Post-operative tissue culture | Air crescent sign | Limit | No | Surgery | Cure | 2002 |
22 [24] | 17/male | Hemoptysis Respiratory failure | Pulmonary cystic fibrosis | BALF Gene sequencing | Severe spongous lung destruction | Extensive | Yes, Delayed treatment | Venous Voriconazole and Liposomal Amphotericin B→nebulidized Voriconazole and intravenous Voriconazole | Cure | 2014 |
23 [25] | 37/male | Cough Expectoration | Pulmonary cystic fibrosis Bronchiectasia | Sputum culture | Bronchiectasis Air crescent sign Hollow lesions | Extensive | No | Intravenous Voriconazole → nebulidized Voriconazole and Amphotericin B | Death | 2010 |
24 [26] | 7/female | Fever Dyspnea Cough | Pulmonary cystic fibrosis | BALF culture and sputum culture | Multiple bronchiectasis and bronchial thickening | Extensive | No | Amphotericin B Itraconazole | Cure | 2006 |
25 [27] | 12/male | Dry cough Dyspnea | Pulmonary cystic fibrosis | BALF culture | Peribronchial thickening in lower lobes | Limit | No | Voriconazole → nebulidized dornase Alfa and 7% hypertonic saline | Improve | 2015 |