Table 1 Summary of demography and baseline characteristics

Age (Years), Mean (SD)

62.0 (15.25)

62.3 (14.92)

60.2 (17.14)

0.3336^{^}

59.7 (15.77)

59.6 (15.52)

60.1 (16.60)

0.9088^{^}

Gender – Male, n (%)

336 (65.8)

298 (67.6)

38 ( 54.3)

0.0295^{^^}

168 (64.6)

131 (67.5)

37 (56.1)

0.0924^{^^}

Weight (kg), Mean (SD)

81.2 (18.82)

80.8 (18.70)

83.2 (19.51)

0.2456^{^}

82.6 (21.03)

82.4 (21.58)

83.4 (19.48)

0.5130^{^}

APACHE II score, Median (Q1,Q3)

14.0 (9.00, 22.00)

14.0 (9.00, 22.00)

15.0 (9.00, 22.00)

0.6307^{^}

15.0 (10.00, 22.00)

15.0 (10.00, 24.00)

15.0 (9.00, 21.00)

0.7147^{^}

SOFA score, Median (Q1,Q3)

4.0 (2.00, 6.00)

4.0 (2.00, 6.00)

5.0 (2.00, 9.00)

0.0808^{^}

5.0 (3.00, 8.00)

5.0 (3.00, 8.00)

5.0 (2.00, 7.00)

0.3863^{^}

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score at admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

5.0 (4.00, 7.00)

5.0 (4.00, 7.00)

6.0 (4.00, 9.00)

0.0821^{^}

6.0 (4.00, 8.00)

5.0 (4.00, 8.00)

6.0 (4.00, 9.00)

0.6028^{^}

Early use of Tocilizumab within 24 h, n (%)

104 (20.1)

92 (20.6)

12 (16.9)

0.4669^{^^}

53 (20.2)

41 (20.9)

12 (18.2)

0.6322^{^^}

Proning at admission, n (%)

129 (25.5)

115 (26.4)

14 (20.0)

0.2559^{^^}

57 (22.4)

45 (23.7)

12 (18.5)

0.3830^{^^}

Serum creatinine (mmol/L) at admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

89.4 (69.00, 135.00)

88.0 (69.00, 130.40)

98.5 (66.00, 148.00)

0.5853^{^}

90.0 (68.00, 138.00)

88.0 (68.00, 138.00)

96.3 (69.00, 141.00)

0.6705^{^}

Blood Urea nitrogen (BUN) at admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

7.1 (4.80, 12.00)

7.1 (4.80, 11.60)

6.9 (4.70, 12.30)

0.9834^{^}

7.2 (4.80, 12.80)

7.2 (4.80, 12.80)

6.9 (4.83, 13.30)

0.9097^{^}

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) within 24 h of ICU admission, n (%)

157 (30.5)

132 (29.7)

25 (36.2)

0.2703^{^^}

84 (32.3)

61 (31.1)

23 (35.9)

0.4745^{^^}

Mechanical Ventilation within 24 h of ICU admission, n (%)

378 (73.4)

329 (74.1)

49 (69.0)

0.3679^{^^}

196 (75.4)

151 (77.8)

45 (68.2)

0.1158^{^^}

Oxygenation Index (OI), Median (Q1,Q3)

16.3 (8.40, 28.19)

17.7 (8.12, 28.50)

13.8 (9.10, 24.28)

0.5501^{^}

15.0 (7.89, 27.73)

19.6 (7.09, 28.50)

13.2 (9.10, 23.78)

0.5762^{^}

Inotropes/vasopressors use within 24 h of admission), n(%)

129 (25.1)

102 (23.1)

27 (38.0)

0.0070^{^^}

84 (32.3)

59 (30.4)

25 (37.9)

0.2625^{^^}

Vasoactive Inotropic Score, Mean (SD)

9.1 (48.92)

7.8 (42.12)

18.3 (81.79)

0.1088^{^}

12.8 (59.78)

11.1 (50.05)

18.2 (84.20)

0.7957^{^}

Lactic acid Baseline, Median (Q1,Q3)

1.7 (1.29, 2.40)

1.7 (1.29, 2.37)

1.8 (1.26, 2.43)

0.8597^{^}

1.6 (1.21, 2.37)

1.6 (1.20, 2.26)

1.8 (1.26, 2.47)

0.6409^{^}

Platelets count Baseline, Median (Q1,Q3)

244.0 (190.00, 319.00)

244.0 (189.00, 319.00)

243.0 (196.00, 319.00)

0.7916^{^}

241.0 (189.00, 314.00)

241.0 (178.00, 318.00)

239.0 (199.00, 314.00)

0.5410^{^}

Total WBC Baseline, Median (Q1,Q3)

9.7 (6.64, 12.70)

9.6 (6.64, 12.71)

9.8 (6.35, 12.40)

0.8832^{^}

9.8 (6.81, 13.35)

9.4 (6.81, 13.90)

10.0 (6.81, 12.70)

0.9539^{^}

International normalized ratio (PT-INR), Median (Q1,Q3)

1.1 (1.01, 1.20)

1.1 (1.01, 1.19)

1.1 (1.02, 1.23)

0.2059^{^}

1.1 (1.01, 1.17)

1.1 (1.01, 1.14)

1.1 (1.03, 1.23)

0.0362^{^}

activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) Baseline, Median (Q1,Q3)

30.5 (27.10, 34.00)

30.6 (27.50, 34.00)

29.2 (25.80, 34.00)

0.0797^{^}

30.5 (26.90, 34.00)

30.7 (27.50, 34.00)

29.0 (25.60, 34.00)

0.0910^{^}

Alanine transaminase (ALT) at admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

38.0 (24.00, 59.50)

39.0 (24.00, 58.00)

35.0 (25.00, 64.00)

0.9669^{^}

36.5 (23.50, 60.00)

37.0 (23.00, 58.00)

35.5 (26.00, 64.00)

0.7618^{^}

Aspartate transaminase (AST) at admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

49.0 (34.00, 77.00)

50.0 (34.00, 78.00)

43.0 (32.00, 74.00)

0.4236^{^}

48.0 (33.00, 76.00)

49.0 (35.00, 77.00)

43.5 (32.00, 74.00)

0.4346^{^}

Albumin Baseline, Median (Q1,Q3)

33.0 (29.00, 36.00)

33.0 (29.00, 36.00)

31.0 (28.00, 35.00)

0.1400^{^}

33.0 (29.00, 36.00)

33.0 (29.00, 36.00)

31.0 (28.00, 35.00)

0.0754^*

Hematocrit at admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

0.4 (0.34, 0.43)

0.4 (0.34, 0.43)

0.4 (0.33, 0.44)

0.4434^{^}

0.4 (0.33, 0.44)

0.4 (0.34, 0.44)

0.4 (0.32, 0.44)

0.2633^{^}

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) baseline (U/l), Median (Q1,Q3)

169.5 (74.00, 428.00)

164.0 (74.00, 403.00)

272.0 (88.00, 598.00)

0.0729^{^}

183.0 (83.00, 528.00)

180.5 (82.00, 472.00)

282.0 (84.00, 638.00)

0.2966^{^}

C-reactive protein (CRP) baseline (mg/l), Median (Q1,Q3)

138.0 (81.30, 204.12)

137.0 (81.00, 200.00)

163.5 (82.50, 246.00)

0.2152^{^}

138.0 (83.00, 209.00)

135.0 (84.00, 201.50)

168.0 (82.50, 248.00)

0.1595^{^}

Fibrinogen Level baseline (gm/l), Median (Q1,Q3)

5.5 (3.97, 7.25)

5.5 (3.96, 7.27)

5.7 (4.03, 7.22)

0.6693^{^}

6.1 (4.06, 7.56)

6.1 (4.05, 7.68)

6.0 (4.64, 7.22)

0.8279^{^}

D-dimer Level baseline, Median (Q1,Q3)

1.5 (0.77, 3.70)

1.5 (0.76, 3.38)

2.0 (0.95, 4.31)

0.0705^{^}

1.6 (0.77, 4.06)

1.5 (0.71, 3.43)

2.4 (0.95, 4.31)

0.0581^{^}

Ferritin Level baseline, Median (Q1,Q3)

699.0 (365.00, 1509.44)

710.7 (364.08, 1509.44)

672.5 (387.00, 1741.10)

0.8613^{^}

824.2 (415.70, 2026.40)

877.1 (427.60, 2115.50)

709.1 (389.20, 1741.10)

0.4454^{^}

Blood glucose level Baseline Within 24 h of ICU admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

11.3 (8.00, 16.00)

11.2 (8.30, 16.10)

12.0 (7.30, 16.00)

0.7540^{^}

11.2 (7.90, 16.15)

11.0 (8.00, 16.30)

12.5 (7.40, 16.00)

0.8602^{^}

Best GCS at admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

15.0 (13.00, 15.00)

15.0 (14.00, 15.00)

15.0 (11.00, 15.00)

0.0020^{^}

15.0 (11.00, 15.00)

15.0 (10.00, 15.00)

15.0 (11.00, 15.00)

0.1759^{^}

PaO2/FiO2 ratio within 24 h of admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

81.5 (59.70, 132.83)

79.4 (58.33, 124.67)

108.6 (66.88, 183.50)

0.0035^{^}

86.9 (61.68, 148.00)

80.6 (60.12, 132.83)

113.1 (67.04, 183.97)

0.0119^{^}

FIO2 requirement (%) at admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

75.0 (50.00, 100.00)

75.0 (50.00, 100.00)

65.0 (45.00, 100.00)

0.1286^{^}

75.0 (50.00, 100.00)

80.0 (50.00, 100.00)

65.0 (42.50, 97.50)

0.1175^{^}

Respiratory rate (Breath Per Minute) at admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

28.0 (23.00, 33.00)

28.0 (23.00, 33.00)

27.5 (23.00, 32.00)

0.9705^{^}

28.0 (23.00, 32.50)

28.0 (23.00, 33.00)

27.5 (23.00, 32.00)

0.9992^{^}

Highest heart rate (HR) at admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

102.0 (90.00, 114.00)

101.0 (90.00, 114.00)

104.0 (94.00, 115.00)

0.1478^{^}

103.0 (89.00, 114.00)

101.0 (86.50, 114.00)

104.0 (94.00, 114.00)

0.2449^{^}

Lowest MAP at admission, Median (Q1,Q3)

73.8 (63.00, 84.00)

73.7 (64.00, 84.00)

74.0 (63.00, 83.00)

0.5126^{^}

71.0 (61.00, 80.00)

70.0 (60.50, 79.50)

73.0 (63.00, 83.00)

0.3186^*

Maximum body temperature Baseline, Median (Q1,Q3)

37.2 (37.00, 38.00)

37.2 (37.00, 38.00)

37.3 (37.00, 38.10)

0.4238^{^}

37.2 (37.00, 38.00)

37.2 (37.00, 38.00)

37.2 (37.00, 38.10)

0.6709^{^}

Pharmacological DVT prophylaxis use during ICU stay,n (%)

468 (90.7)

404 (90.6)

64 (91.4)

0.8209^{^^}

242 (92.7)

182 (92.9)

60 (92.3)

0.8825^**

High dose of Pharmacological DVT prophylaxis, n(%)^b

195 (41.8)

172 (42.6)

23 (36.5)

0.5082^{^^}

97 (40.2)

75 (41.2)

22 (37.3)

0.7488^{^^}

Standard dose of Pharmacological DVT prophylaxis, n(%)^b

243 (52.0)

206 (51.0)

37 (58.7)

0.5082^{^^}

129 (53.5)

95 (52.2)

34 (57.6)

0.7488^{^^}

Low dose of Pharmacological DVT prophylaxis, n(%)^b

29 (6.2)

26 (6.4)

3 (4.8)

0.5082^{^^}

15 (6.2)

12 (6.6)

3 (5.1)

0.7488^{^^}

Patient received nephrotoxic drugs/material during ICU stay, n (%)^a

432 (84.0)

374 (84.4)

58 (81.7)

0.5591^{^^}

223 (85.4)

169 (86.7)

54 (81.8)

0.3344^{^^}

Comorbidity, n (%)

 Atrial fibrillation (A Fib)

16 (3.1)

13 (2.9)

3 (4.2)

0.5537^**

6 (2.3)

3 (1.5)

3 (4.5)

0.1567^**

 Heart Failure

38 (7.4)

33 (7.4)

5 (7.0)

0.9148^{^^}

22 (8.4)

17 (8.7)

5 (7.6)

0.7809^{^^}

 Hypertension

291 (56.3)

255 (57.2)

36 (50.7)

0.3073^{^^}

142 (54.2)

108 (55.1)

34 (51.5)

0.6130^{^^}

 Diabetes Mellitus

310 (60.0)

276 (61.9)

34 (47.9)

0.0254^{^^}

150 (57.3)

117 (59.7)

33 (50.0)

0.1686^{^^}

 Dyslipidemia

113 (21.9)

97 (21.7)

16 (22.5)

0.8816^{^^}

60 (22.9)

44 (22.4)

16 (24.2)

0.7642^{^^}

 Ischemic heart disease (IHD)

35 (6.8)

33 (7.4)

2 (2.8)

0.1535^**

8 (3.1)

6 (3.1)

2 (3.0)

0.9899^**

 Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

58 (11.2)

49 (11.0)

9 (12.7)

0.6752^{^^}

32 (12.2)

23 (11.7)

9 (13.6)

0.6832^{^^}

 Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

2 (0.4)

2 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

0.5718^**

1 (0.4)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.5610^**

 Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

4 (0.8)

3 (0.7)

1 (1.4)

0.5110^**

2 (0.8)

1 (0.5)

1 (1.5)

0.4172^**

 Liver disease (any type)

8 (1.5)

8 (1.8)

0 (0.0)

0.2554^**

4 (1.5)

4 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

0.2422^**

 Stroke

22 (4.3)

19 (4.3)

3 (4.2)

0.9893^**

13 (5.0)

10 (5.1)

3 (4.5)

0.8571^**