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Table 6 Comparison of psychological scale and corresponding characteristics between baseline visit (visit 0) and the follow-ups (visits 5 & 6)

From: Creation of a pandemic memory by tracing COVID-19 infections and immunity in Luxembourg (CON-VINCE)

Psychological scale and corresponding characteristic

Visit 0

Visit 5

p -value

Adjusted p -value

Visit 0

Visit 6

p -value

Adjusted p -value

CES-D - number of individuals, N

1694

<0.001**

<0.001**

1570

0.058

0.466

Depressed, n (%)

342 (21%)

486 (29%)

  

309 (20%)

341 (22%)

  

Not depressed, n (%)

1352 (79%)

1208 (71%)

  

1261 (80%)

1229 (78%)

  

GAD-7- number of individuals, N

1680

0.003**

0.028*

1557

0.294

1.000

Anxious, n (%)

100 (6%)

139 (8%)

  

92 (6%)

105 (7%)

  

Not anxious, n (%)

1580 (94%)

1541 (92%)

  

1465 (94%)

1452 (93%)

  

UCLA short version - number of individuals, N

1696

<0.001**

<0.001**

1573

0.007**

0.059

Lonely, n (%)

345 (20%)

510 (30%)

  

322 (20%)

370 (24%)

  

Not lonely, n (%)

1351 (80%)

1186 (70%)

  

1251 (80%)

1203 (76%)

  

PSS-4 - number of individuals, N

1694

<0.001**

<0.001**

1569

0.601

1.000

Stressed, n (%)

623 (37%)

725 (43%)

  

566 (36%)

554 (35%)

  

Not stressed, n (%)

1071 (63%)

969 (57%)

  

1003 (64%)

1015 (65%)

  
  1. The following cut-offs have been used in order to dichotomise the numeric psychological scales’ scores into a binary clinical outcome: CES-D<16 Not depressed, CES-D>=16 Depressed, GAD<5 Not anxious, GAD>=5 Anxious, UCLA short version<6 Not lonely, UCLA short version>=6 Lonely, PSS-4<6 Not stressed, PSS-4>=6 Stressed
  2. * Statistical significance at α=0.05 confidence level
  3. ** Statistical significance at α=0.01 confidence level