Table 1 Characteristics by outcome and differences between groups. Legend: star symbol is for statistically significant at p-value 0.05; “1” is for tests performed at the day of hospital admission, “2” is for tests performed at the day of discharge

Patients (N, %)

442 (61.0)

281 (39.0)

Gender (M/F ratio)

1.87

1.96

p = 0.776

Age, years (median, IQR)

68 (58–77)

77 (70–82)

p < 0.0001*

Symptoms to hospitalization in days (mean, SD)

8.8

7.5

p = 0.0004*

Oxygen saturation ambient air (median, IQR)

91 (86–95)

85 (74–90)

p < 0.0001*

Deoxyhemoglobin (%)

6.1 (3.5–10.0)

10.8 (6.1–17.6)

p < 0.0001*

Comorbidities (%)

p < 0.001*

None

27.4

13.8

One

35.5

34.2

Two

28.1

31.0

Three or more

9.0

21.0

Cardiovascular disease (N, %)

66 (15.0)

73 (26)

p < 0.001*

Diabetis (N, %)

100 (23.0)

91 (33)

p = 0.004*

Obesity (N, %)

53 (55.1)

43 (44.8)

p = 0.201

Active tumour (N, %)

42 (9.5)

38 (13.5)

p = 0.093

Kindey failure (N, %)

15 (3.4)

18 (6.4)

p = 0.059

Hypertension (N, %)

256 (58.0)

194 (69)

p = 0.003*

Blood type, AB0 system (%)

p = 0.840

0

37.7

41.7

A

51.0

41.7

B

1.9

4.1

AB

9.4

12.5

Respiratory therapy (N, %)

Oxygen flow

279 (63.0)

159 (57)

p < 0.079

C-PAP

51 (12.0)

115 (41)

p < 0.001*

VM

30 (6.8)

22 (7.8)

p = 0.597

ICU admission (N, %)

52 (11.8)

22 (7.8)

p = 0.089

ICU stay in days (mean, SD)

34.9 (3.4)

10 (2.9)

p < 0.0001*

Hospital stay in days (median, IQR)

14 (8–25)

6 (3–10)

p < 0.0001*

Drug administration (N, %)

Antibiotics

348 (78.7)

216 (76.9)

p = 0.555

Azithromycin

302 (68.3)

150 (53.4)

p < 0.001*

Standard antivirals

86 (19.5)

64 (22.8)

p = 0.283

HIV antivirals

211 (47.4)

136 (48.4)

p = 0.862

Antirheumatics

368 (83.3)

180 (64.1)

p < 0.001*

Corticosteroids

174 (39.4)

111 (39.5)

p = 0.971

Anticoagulants

388 (87.8)

244 (86.8)

p = 0.707

Opioid

49 (11.1)

195 (69.4)

p < 0.001*

Tocilizumab (RoActemra®)

37 (8.4)

12 (4.3)

p = 0.032*

PT (seconds median, IQR)¹

13.7 (13-14.8)

14.3 (13.3–16.6)

p < 0.0001*

PTT (seconds median, IQR) ¹

32.9 (30.2–36.3)

34.2 (31.2–38.1)

p = 0.0020*

D-dimer (ng/mL median, IQR) ¹

1195 (760–2220)

1854 (1208–3751)

p < 0.0001*

Platelet count (10^3/µl median, IQR) ¹

221 (164–292)

189 (145–255)

p < 0.0001*

Neutrophil proportion (% WBC median, IQR) ¹

77.2 (69.3–84)

82.6 (76.8–86.7)

p < 0.0001*

Lymphocyte proportion (% WBC median,IQR) ¹

14.9 (9.6–21)

10.8 (7.1–14.5)

p < 0.0001*

Monocyte proportion on WBC (% median, IQR) ¹

6.8 (4.8–9.3)

5.7 (4.2-8.0)

p < 0.0004*

Eosinophil proportion on WBC (% median, IQR) ¹

0 (0-0.4)

0 (0-0.1)

p < 0.0001*

Basophil proportion on WBC (% median, IQR) ¹

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

p = 0.0055*

Neutrophils and lymphocytes ratio¹

5.2 (3.3–8.7)

7.7 (5.4–12.0)

p < 0.0001*

LDH (U/L median, IQR) ¹

330 (252.5-438.9)

468 (316–651)

p < 0,0001*

AST (U/L median, IQR) ¹

41.9 (30.1–64.7)

63 (41.2–98)

p < 0.0001*

ALT (U/L median, IQR) ¹

32 (21.6–54.9)

33.7 (22.6–58.9)

p = 0.340

APRI index (median, IQR) ¹

0.43 (0.25–0.69)

0.70 (0.29–0.87)

p < 0.0001*

FIB-4 index (median, IQR) ¹

2.2 (1.5–3.5)

2.8 (1.7–4.8)

p < 0.0001*

Hn Tn I (µg/L median, IQR) ¹

0.016 (0.009–0.027)

0.043 (0.022–0.071)

p < 0.0001*

CK (U/L median, IQR) ¹

103 (59–196)

216 (94–487)

p < 0.0001*

PT (seconds median, IQR) ²

13.8 (13.2–15.2)

15.9 (14.9–18.7)

p < 0,0001*

PTT (seconds median, IQR) ²

32.8 (29.5–37.4)

37.0 (32.7–43.2)

p < 0,0001*

D-dimer (ng/mL median, IQR) ²

858 (568–2115)

3,891 (678-3,564)

p < 0,0001*

Platelet count (10^3/µl median, IQR) ²

121 (195–365)

224 (154–307)

p < 0,0001*

Neutrophil proportion (% WBC median, IQR) ²

62.7 (54.6–71.5)

88.2 (83.6–92.1)

p < 0,0001*

Lymphocyte proportion (% WBC median, IQR) ²

23.8 (16.4–31.7)

6.6 (4.2–9.9)

p < 0,0001*

Monocyte proportion (% WBC median, IQR) ²

9.8 (7.9–11.5)

4.0 (2.5–6.1)

p < 0,0001*

Eosinophil proportion (% WBC median, IQR) ²

1.7 (0.7-3.0)

0.0 (0.0-0.2)

p < 0,0001*

Basophil proportion (% WBC median, IQR) ²

0.5 (0.3–0.7)

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

p < 0,0001*

Neutrophils and lymphocytes ratio²

2.6 (1.7–4.4)

13.5 (8.5–21.2)

p < 0,0001*

LDH (U/L median, IQR) ²

226 (231–335)

536 (387–745)

p < 0,0001*

AST (U/L median, IQR) ²

37 (25.3–55.0)

70.3 (30.3-101.7)

p < 0,0001*

ALT (U/L median, IQR) ²

52.4 (29.1–97.2)

39.9 (23.0-66.7)

p = 0.032*

APRI index (median, IQR) ²

0.28 (0.18–0.43)

0.63 (0.39–1.23)

p < 0,0001*

FIB-4 index (median, IQR) ²

1.18 (0.69–1.84)

3.29 (2.13–6.99)

p < 0,0001*

Hn Tn I (µg/L median, IQR) ²

0.02 (0.01–0.05)

0.03 (0.02–0.08)

p = 0.252

CK (U/L median, IQR) ²

58.2 (35.6-450.3)

94.9 (44.4-305.5)

p = 0.3913