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Table 2 Factors associated with immunological incomplete response and immunological non-response among PLHIV

From: Factors associated with immunological non-response after ART initiation: a retrospective observational cohort study

Variable

ICRs

INRs

aOR

95% CI

P value

aOR

95% CI

P value

Sex

      

 Female

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Male

1.50

1.17–1.92

0.001

2.07

1.39–3.09

< 0.001

Age (years)

      

 18–29

1.00

  

1.00

  

 30–39

0.91

0.74–1.13

0.406

1.06

0.71–1.58

0.789

 40–49

1.16

0.88–1.52

0.290

2.05

1.29–3.25

0.002

 50–59

1.29

0.90–1.85

0.162

4.04

2.33-7.00

< 0.001

 ≥ 60

1.41

0.88–2.26

0.152

5.51

2.84–10.67

< 0.001

BMI

      

 < 18.5

1.15

0.93–1.43

0.209

1.26

0.91–1.75

0.163

 18.5–24.0

1.00

  

1.00

  

 ≥ 24.0

0.78

0.62–0.98

0.035

0.68

0.44–1.04

0.074

Marital status

      

 Married

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Unmarried

0.97

0.77–1.22

0.797

0.82

0.55–1.21

0.310

 Divorced

1.15

0.79–1.68

0.461

0.84

0.46–1.55

0.584

Infection route

      

 Heterosexual

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Homosexual

0.84

0.68–1.05

0.131

1.34

0.93–1.91

0.113

 Intravenous drug use

0.78

0.44–1.39

0.407

0.51

0.23–1.17

0.115

HBV

      

 Positive

1.24

0.98–1.58

0.079

1.63

1.14–2.34

0.008

 Negative

1.00

  

1.00

  

HCV

      

 Positive

1.27

0.79–2.06

0.328

2.01

1.01–4.02

0.047

 Negative

1.00

  

1.00

  

Baseline CD4 + cell count (cells/μl)

      

 200–350

1.00

  

1.00

  

 50–200

5.14

4.05–6.52

< 0.001

40.20

16.83–96.01

< 0.001

 < 50

10.38

7.32–14.70

< 0.001

215.67

85.62-543.26

< 0.001

Baseline CD4+/CD8 ratio

      

 ≥ 0.2

1.00

  

1.00

  

 < 0.2

1.57

1.29–1.89

< 0.001

2.93

1.98–4.34

< 0.001

Time before ART (months)

      

 < 1

1.00

  

1.00

  

 1–6

1.15

0.95–1.40

0.158

1.05

0.77–1.43

0.771

 6–12

0.89

0.62–1.26

0.504

1.27

0.69–2.34

0.447

 ≥ 12

0.82

0.66–1.02

0.076

0.75

0.50–1.11

0.151

ART regimens

      

 NRTIs + NNRTIs

1.00

  

1.00

  

 NRTIs + PIs

0.70

0.49–0.98

0.037

0.47

0.26–0.82

0.008

 NRTIs + INSTIs

0.71

0.40–1.29

0.265

0.84

0.41–1.73

0.632

 NRTIs

0.62

0.35–1.09

0.098

1.13

0.61–2.10

0.698

SMZ-TMP

      

 Yes

1.00

  

1.00

  

 No

0.91

0.72–1.14

0.407

0.79

0.56–1.11

0.176

Comorbidities

      

 Yes

1.00

  

1.00

  

 No

1.24

0.93–1.65

0.145

1.19

0.83–1.72

0.348

Coinfections

      

 Yes

1.00

  

1.00

  

 No

0.97

0.72–1.31

0.851

1.14

0.77–1.69

0.528

  1. PLHIV, people living with HIV; ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index
  2. HBV, hepatitis B virus. HCV, hepatitis C virus
  3. ICRs (immunological incomplete responders) were defined as a CD4 + T cell count within 200~350 cells/ul and HIV viral load < 50 copies/ml after 24 months’ ART
  4. INRs (Immunological non-responders) were defined as a CD4 + T cell count < 200 cells/ul and HIV viral load < 50 copies/ml after 24 months’ ART
  5. Time before ART, time interval between HIV diagnosis and ART initiation
  6. NRTIs, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTIs, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PIs, protease inhibitors; INSTIs, integrase strand transfer inhibitors; SMZ-TMP, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
  7. Comorbidities include one of the following symptoms at baseline: skin lesion, thrush, hairy leukoplakia, persistent diarrhoea, and persistent or intermittent fever
  8. Coinfections include one of the following viruses or bacteria at baseline: tuberculosis, esophageal candidiasis, non-pulmonary cryptococcal, pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, disseminated mycosis, cytomegalovirus, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent severe bacterial pneumonia, zoster and other infections or tumor
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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