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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of PLHIV stratified by CD4 + T cell count after 24 months’ ART (N = 3900)

From: Factors associated with immunological non-response after ART initiation: a retrospective observational cohort study

Variable

Overall (%)

INRs (%)

ICRs (%)

IRs (%)

P value

3900(100)

385(9.9)

1206(30.9)

2309(59.2)

Sex

     

 Male

3239 (83.1)

332 (86.2)

996 (82.6)

1911 (82.8)

0.213

 Female

661 (16.9)

53 (13.8)

210 (17.4)

398 (17.2)

 

Age (years)

     

 Median (IQR)

34 [27–43]

42 [32–50]

35 [28–44]

32 [26–40]

< 0.001

 18–29

1329 (34.1)

68 (17.7)

365 (30.3)

896 (38.8)

< 0.001

 30–39

1273 (32.6)

101 (26.2)

382 (31.7)

790 (34.2)

 

 40–49

817 (20.9)

115 (29.9)

293 (24.3)

409 (17.7)

 

 50–59

324 (8.3)

64 (16.6)

111 (9.2)

149 (6.5)

 

 ≥ 60

157 (4.0)

37 (9.6)

55 (4.6)

65 (2.8)

 

BMI

     

 Median (IQR)

20.8 [19.0-22.9]

19.9 [18.3–22.1]

20.4 [18.7–22.4]

21.1 [19.4–23.2]

< 0.001

 < 18.5

720 (18.5)

105 (27.3)

266 (22.1)

349 (15.1)

< 0.001

 18.5–24.0

2552 (65.4)

243 (63.1)

781 (64.8)

1528 (66.2)

 

 ≥ 24.0

628 (16.1)

37 (9.6)

159 (13.2)

432 (18.7)

 

Marital status

     

 Married

1881 (48.2)

258 (67.0)

637 (52.8)

986 (42.7)

< 0.001

 Unmarried

1828 (46.9)

107 (27.8)

500 (41.5)

1221 (52.9)

 

 Divorced

191 (4.9)

20 (5.2)

69 (5.7)

102 (4.4)

 

Infection route

     

 Heterosexual

1807 (46.3)

234 (60.8)

639 (53.0)

934 (40.5)

< 0.001

 Homosexual

1963 (50.3)

132 (34.3)

516 (42.8)

1315 (57.0)

 

 Intravenous drug use

130 (3.3)

19 (4.9)

51 (4.2)

60 (2.6)

 

HBV

     

 Positive

495 (12.7)

72 (18.7)

172 (14.3)

251 (10.9)

< 0.001

 Negative

3405 (87.3)

313 (81.3)

1034 (85.7)

2058 (89.1)

 

HCV

     

 Positive

184 (4.7)

29 (7.5)

69 (5.7)

86 (3.7)

0.001

 Negative

3716 (95.3)

356 (92.5)

1137 (94.3)

2223 (96.3)

 

Baseline CD4 + cell count (cells/μl)

     

 Median (IQR)

203 [88–271]

28 [10–73]

122 [38–198]

250 [194–297]

< 0.001

 < 50

718 (18.4)

245 (63.6)

346 (28.7)

127 (5.5)

< 0.001

 50–200

1184 (30.4)

134 (34.8)

562 (46.6)

488 (21.1)

 

 200–350

1998 (51.2)

6 (1.6)

298 (24.7)

1694 (73.4)

 

Baseline CD4+/CD8 ratio

     

 Median (IQR)

0.22 [0.12–0.32]

0.06 [0.03–0.13]

0.15 [0.07–0.25]

0.27 [0.18–0.36]

< 0.001

 < 0.2

1721 (44.1)

341 (88.6)

744 (61.7)

636 (27.5)

< 0.001

 ≥ 0.2

2179 (55.9)

44 (11.4)

462 (38.3)

1673 (72.5)

 

HIV load (copies/ml)

     

 < 10,000

88 (13.5)

6 (7.9)

23 (10.8)

59 (16.3)

< 0.001

 10,000–30,000

124 (19.1)

8 (10.5)

33 (15.6)

83 (22.9)

 

 30,000–100,000

192 (29.5)

16 (21.1)

63 (29.7)

113 (31.2)

 

 > 100,000

246 (37.8)

46 (60.5)

93 (43.9)

107 (29.6)

 

Time before ART (months)

     

 Median (IQR)

1.0 [0.5–6.4]

0.9 [0.5–2.2]

1.0 [0.5–3.9]

1.1 [0.5–8.8]

< 0.001

 < 1

1858 (47.6)

203 (52.7)

587 (48.7)

1068 (46.3)

< 0.001

 1–6

1038 (26.6)

116 (30.1)

358 (29.7)

564 (24.4)

 

 6–12

250 (6.4)

19 (4.9)

59 (4.9)

172 (7.4)

 

 ≥ 12

754 (19.3)

47 (12.2)

202 (16.7)

505 (21.9)

 

ART regimens

     

 NRTIs + NNRTIs

3465 (88.8)

313 (81.3)

1073 (89.0)

2079 (90.0)

< 0.001

 NRTIs + PIs

260 (6.7)

22 (5.7)

74 (6.1)

164 (7.1)

 

 NRTIs + INSTIs

78 (2.0)

18 (4.7)

29 (2.4)

31 (1.3)

 

 NRTIs

97 (2.5)

32 (8.3)

30 (2.5)

35 (1.5)

 

SMZ-TMP

     

 Yes

1515 (38.8)

312 (81.0)

705 (58.5)

498 (21.6)

< 0.001

 No

2385 (61.2)

73 (19.0)

501 (41.5)

1811 (78.4)

 

Comorbidities

     

 Yes

495 (12.7)

117 (30.4)

205 (17.0)

173 (7.5)

< 0.001

 No

3405 (87.3)

268 (69.6)

1001 (83.0)

2136 (92.5)

 

Coinfections

     

 Yes

380 (9.7)

80 (20.8)

165 (13.7)

135 (5.8)

< 0.001

 No

3520 (90.3)

305 (79.2)

1041 (86.3)

2174 (94.2)

 
  1. PLHIV, people living with HIV; ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index
  2. HBV, hepatitis B virus. HCV, hepatitis C virus
  3. INRs (Immunological non-responders) were defined as a CD4 + T cell count < 200 cells/ul and HIV viral load < 50 copies/ml after 24 months’ ART
  4. ICRs (immunological incomplete responders) were defined as a CD4 + T cell count within 200~350 cells/ul and HIV viral load < 50 copies/ml after 24 months’ ART
  5. IRs (immunological responders) were defined as a CD4 + T cell count ≥ 350 cells/ul and HIV viral load < 50 copies/ml after 24 months’ ART
  6. Time before ART, time interval between HIV diagnosis and ART initiation
  7. NRTIs, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTIs, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PIs, protease inhibitors; INSTIs, integrase strand transfer inhibitors; SMZ-TMP, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
  8. Comorbidities include one of the following symptoms at baseline: skin lesion, thrush, hairy leukoplakia, persistent diarrhoea, and persistent or intermittent fever
  9. Coinfections include one of the following viruses or bacteria at baseline: tuberculosis, esophageal candidiasis, non-pulmonary cryptococcal, pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, disseminated mycosis, cytomegalovirus, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent severe bacterial pneumonia, zoster and other infections or tumor
  10. IQR = interquartile range
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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