Table 2 Group characteristics, frequency per country and risk ratio’s

Toilet hygiene

 Toilet at child height (or toilet seat reducer with step)^{a,f, **}

63

(96.9)

53

(96.4)

0.99

0.93–1.06

 Sink at child height^b,f,**

38

(54.3)

55

(100)

1.84

1.49–2.28

 Liquid soap available at this sink^{c,f, **}

9

(13.0)

46

(83.6)

6.41

3.45–11.92

 The changing mat cover is intact and easy to clean

103

(99.0)

76

(93.8)

0.95

0.89–1.01

 Changing mat is cleaned after each use (or a protective pad is used)^d,g

54

(59.3)

64

(81.0)

1.37

1.12–1.67

 Used diapers are immediately put in the diaper container^e,g

100

(99.0)

71

(89.9)

0.91

0.84–0.98

 Liquid soap available at the sink next to the changing mat^h

96

(92.3)

79

(98.8)

1.08

1.02–1.15

 Liquid soap available at the sink at the staff toilet^h

94

(90.4)

78

(97.5)

1.07

1.00–1.14

 No potties are used^b,f,**

16

(22.9)

35

(63.6)

2.78

1.73–4.47

 Disposable paper towels are available at all sinks

85

(81.7)

53

(65.4)

0.80

0.67–0.96

Food hygiene

 Maximal temperature of the fridge > = 4 °C (Belgium) or > = 7 °C (the Netherlands)^I,g

23

(29.9)

44

(55.7)

1.86

1.26–2.77

 Child-dedicated bottles and teats^j,p,*

56

(93.3)

58

(100.0)

1.07

1.00–1.15

 After use, the bottles are immediately rinsed with cold water and dried upside down^k,p,*

14

(25.0)

44

(75.9)

3.03

1.88–4.89

 Only formula in powdered form are accepted^l,p,*

59

(100.0)

57

(98.3)

0.98

0.95–1.02

 Food preparation is separated from the changing area

100

(96.2)

81

(100)

1.04

1.00–1.08

 Breast milk is defrosted in the fridge^m,q,$

40

(78.4)

53

(98.2)

1.25

1.08–1.45

 No foods have passed their expiry dateⁿ

83

(86.5)

69

(85.2)

0.99

0.87–1.11

 Cleaning schedule for the kitchen^d

57

(62.6)

72

(88.9)

1.42

1.19–1.69

 Dish cloths, towels and tea towels are not visually soiled^o

89

(96.7)

72

(88.9)

0.92

0.84–1.00

Hand hygiene and preconditions

 Hand hygiene education for children is given^r,q,**

22

(34.4)

36

(66.7)

1.94

1.32–2.86

 Children wash their hands after going to the toilet^r,w,**

14

(21.9)

39

(81.3)

3.71

2.29–6.02

 Children wash their hands after playing outside^s,x,**

32

(45.1)

44

(88.0)

1.95

1.48–2.57

 Children wash their hands before eating^s,f,**

20

(28.2)

44

(80.0)

2.84

1.91–4.21

 Staff wash their hands after changing a diaper or cleaning the nose/bum of a child^t,g

25

(26.6)

60

(76.0)

2.86

2.00–4.09

 Staff wash their hands after going to the toilet^u,y

13

(59.1)

68

(100.0)

1.69

1.20–2.40

 Staff does not wear rings^v,h

59

(57.8)

16

(20.0)

0.35

0.22–0.55

 Staff does not wear wrist jewellery^v,h

59

(57.8)

22

(27.5)

0.48

0.32–0.70