Table 1 Characteristics of participants by city (n = 359)

Age (years) (n = 353)

 Median (25, 75th percentile)

51 (42, 59)

54 (47, 60)

51 (44, 60)

51 (39, 57)

43 (36, 54)

55 (49, 61)

 < 0.001 (KW)

Gender (n = 354)

 Cis-Woman

40 (11%)

1 (1%)

4 (6%)

19 (25%)

9 (18%)

7 (9%)

 < 0.001 (MC)

 Cis-Man

293 (83%)

74 (99%)

65 (90%)

52 (68%)

41 (82%)

61 (76%)

 Trans Woman: Man to woman

3 (1%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

2 (3%)

 Two-spirited

11 (3%)

0 (0%)

2 (3%)

3 (4%)

0 (0%)

6 (8%)

 Non-binary

5 (1%)

0 (0%)

1 (1%)

2 (3%)

0 (0%)

2 (3%)

 Other^a

2 (< 1%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

2 (3%)

Marital or Partnership Status (n = 339)

 Single

196 (55%)

39 (53%)

45 (61%)

42 (54%)

17 (34%)

53 (66%)

0.001 (MC)

 Married, common-law, partner or relationship

88 (25%)

15 (20%)

17 (23%)

24 (31%)

24 (48%)

8 (10%)

 Separated or Divorced or Widowed

55 (15%)

15 (20%)

10 (14%)

11 (14%)

5 (10%)

14 (18%)

Have Children (n = 355)

86 (24%)

13 (17%)

10 (14%)

28 (36%)

12 (24%)

23 (29%)

0.008 (FE)

Live alone (n = 357)

186 (51%)

34 (45%)

43 (58%)

32 (41%)

13 (26%)

64 (80%)

 < 0.001 (MC)

Main Source of Income (n = 357)

 Employment (full, part-time, or self) Income Support (e.g. Disability, Welfare,

177 (50%)

50 (67%)

39 (53%)

43 (55%)

41 (82%)

4 (5%)

 < 0.001 (MC)

 Worker’s Compensation) Employment Insurance or Long Term Disability)

121 (34%)

10 (13%)

24 (32%)

25 (32%)

7 (14%)

55 (69%)

 Pension, Student Loans, or Savings

41 (12%)

13 (17%)

6 (8%)

3 (4%)

1 (2%)

18 (23%)

 Under the table work or Street-related work (e.g. pan-handling)

3 (1%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

2 (3%)

Current employment status (n = 353)

 Employed (full time or part time)

167 (47%)

48 (65%)

35 (47%)

44 (56%)

37 (76%)

3 (4%)

 < 0.001 (MC)

 Student, Retired, or Volunteering

59 (17%)

15 (20%)

11 (15%)

6 (8%)

5 (10%)

22 (28%)

 Unemployed or on disability

124 (35%)

11 (15%)

26 (35%)

26 (33%)

6 (12%)

55 (69%)

 Other (baby sitter, carer, stay at home parent)

5 (1%)

0 (0%)

2 (3%)

2 (3%)

1 (2%)

0 (0%)

Highest level of education (n = 357)

 No formal education; secondary school completed

88 (25%)

15 (20%)

18 (24%)

19 (24%)

11 (22%)

25 (31%)

0.29 (MC)

 Completed trade or technical training, or completed college

132 (37%)

27 (36%)

24 (32%)

30 (39%)

16 (32%)

35 (44%)

 Completed university or postgraduate education

137 (38%)

33 (44%)

32 (43%)

29 (37%)

23 (46%)

20 (25%)

How do you describe your race?

 White (n = 314)

255 (81%)

64 (87%)

53 (90%)

52 (72%)

36 (80%)

50 (78%)

0.075 (FE)

 Black or African American (n = 234)

27 (12%)

2 (3%)

12 (27%)

1 (2%)

5 (13%)

7 (14%)

 < 0.001 (FE)

 Asian (n = 227) (origins in far east, south east Asia, or Indian subcontinent including e.g. Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippine Islands, Thailand, Vietnam)

26 (10%)

5 (8%)

7 (18%)

6 (10%)

2 (5%)

6 (13%)

0.391 (FE)

 First Nations (Indigenous), Inuit, Métis (n = 255)

31 (12%)

0 (0%)

1 (3%)

19 (29%)

0 (0%)

11 (22%)

 < 0.001 (FE)

Year of HIV diagnosis (n = 244)

 Median

2005

2007

2001

2002

2014

2000

 < 0.001 (KW)

 25, 75th percentile

1997, 2013

1998, 2013

1997, 2001

1992, 2013

2010, 2018

1992, 2007

Most recent CD4 count (n = 353)

  < 200 cells/mm³

44 (13%)

10 (14%)

6 (8%)

14 (18%)

4 (8%)

10 (13%)

0.013 (MC)

 201–499 cells/mm³

61 (17%)

17 (24%)

15 (20%)

11 (14%)

2 (4%)

16 (20%)

  > 500 cells/mm³

134 (38%)

22 (31%)

23 (31%)

32 (42%)

31 (62%)

26 (33%)

 Don’t know

114 (32%)

23 (32%)

30 (41%)

20 (26%)

13 (26%)

28 (25%)

Currently Taking Antiretroviral Medication (n = 357)

351 (98%)

75 (100%)

73 (99%)

77 (99%)

50 (100%)

76 (95%)

0.16 (FE)

Missed at least one ARV dose in the last 7 days (n = 350)

281 (80%)

66 (88%)

57 (78%)

60 (80%)

45 (90%)

53 (70%)

0.02 (FE)

Undetectable viral load (< 50 copies/mL) (n = 354)

328 (93%)

73 (99%)

69 (93%)

66 (85%)

72 (91%)

72 (91%)

0.008 (FE)

Median # of co-morbidities (25, 75th percentile) (n = 357)

4 (2, 9)

3 (1, 5)

4 (1, 9)

4 (2, 9)

3 (1, 4)

8 (4, 12)

 < 0.001 (KW)

Common Concurrent health condition (≥ 30% of sample)

 Mental health condition (n = 351)

162 (46%)

22 (30%)

34 (47%)

36 (47%)

16 (33%)

54 (69%)

 < 0.001 (MC)

 Chronic pain (joint) (n = 346)

113 (33%)

13 (18%)

23 (32%)

29 (38%)

4 (8%)

44 (58%)

 < 0.001 (MC)

 Gastrointestinal conditions (n = 348)

108 (31%)

18 (24%)

20 (28%)

23 (30%)

14 (28%)

33 (44%)

0.10 (FE)

 Trouble sleeping (n = 351)

182 (52%)

74 (21%)

73 (21%)

78 (22%)

50 (14%)

76 (22%)

 < 0.001 (FE)

 High cholesterol (n = 347)

111 (32%)

21 (28%)

20 (27%)

35 (33%)

15 (31%)

30 (40%)

0.50 (FE)

Living with 2 or more concurrent health conditions in addition to HIV (n = 357)

274 (77%)

52 (69%)

50 (68%)

65 (83%)

33 (66%)

74 (93%)

 < 0.001 (FE)

Cigarette smoking history (last 30 days) (n = 349)

 I currently smoke or I smoke occasionally

102 (29%)

19 (26%)

22 (30%)

13 (17%)

13 (26%)

35 (44%)

0.011 (MC)

 I am a former smoker

117 (33%)

27 (37%)

19 (26%)

35 (46%)

14 (28%)

22 (28%)

 I have never been a smoker

130 (37%)

28 (28%)

31 (43%)

29 (38%)

21 (42%)

21 (26%)

Substance use in the past 30 days

 Alcohol (n = 351)

196 (56%)

53 (72%)

46 (63%)

37 (47%)

30 (60%)

30 (40%)

0.001 (MC)

 Cannabis (n = 349)

91 (26%)

10 (14%)

11 (16%)

27 (35%)

7 (14%)

36 (47%)

 < 0.001 (MC)

 Non-Legalized Substances—Methamphetamines, cocaine, heroin, or non-prescribed opioids (n = 353)

54 (15%)

7 (10%)

10 (14%)

9 (12%)

3 (6%)

25 (32%)

0.001 (MC)

Providers, services or supports accessed in the last 6 months

 HIV Provider (n = 352)

235 (67%)

47 (63%)

48 (66%)

55 (72%)

32 (64%)

53 (68%)

0.751 (FE)

 Primary Care Provider (nurse practitioner, doctor, or physician) (n = 355)

191 (54%)

31 (41%)

34 (46%)

50 (64%)

19 (38%)

57 (73%)

 < 0.001 (MC)

 Substance Use Provider (doctor or physician, counsellor, therapist, chem sex support worker or drug support services) (n = 354)

36 (10%)

4 (5%)

9 (12%)

4 (5%)

1 (2%)

18 (23%)

0.003 (FE)

 Psychiatrist (n = 353)

55 (16%)

2 (3%)

11 (15%)

13 (17%)

3 (6%)

26 (33%)

 < 0.001 (FE)

 Psychologist (n = 349)

38 (11%)

2 (3%)

9 (12%)

10 (13%)

4 (8%)

13 (17%)

0.046 (FE)

 Nurse (n = 347)

77 (22%)

5 (7%)

14 (19%)

19 (25%)

8 (17%)

31 (40%)

 < 0.001 (FE)

 Occupational Therapist (n = 347)

27 (8%)

0 (0%)

5 (7%)

3 (4%)

1 (2%)

18 (23%)

 < 0.001 (FE)

 Physiotherapist (n = 349)

42 (12%)

3 (4%)

5 (7%)

5 (6%)

4 (8%)

25 (32%)

 < 0.001 (FE)

 Social Worker (n = 349)

54 (16%)

1 (1%)

4 (6%)

17 (22%)

1 (2%)

31 (39%)

 < 0.001 (FE)

 Community-Based Organization (n = 321)

70 (22%)

7 (10%)

8 (12%)

12 (18%)

5 (11%)

38 (53%)

 < 0.001 (CS)

 Family (n = 355)

83 (23%)

7 (10%)

17 (23%)

28 (36%)

8 (16%)

23 (29%)

0.001 (FE)

 Partner or spouse (n = 354)

16 (21%)

16 (21%)

20 (27%)

18 (23%)

15 (31%)

14 (18%)

0.484 (FE)

 Friends (n = 353)

137 (39%)

21 (28%)

26 (36%)

33 (43%)

12 (25%)

45 (57%)

 < 0.001 (FE)

General health status (n = 357)

 Excellent

50 (14%)

10 (13%)

10 (14%)

12 (15%)

9 (18%)

9 (11%)

0.019 (FE)

 Very good

96 (27%)

23 (31%)

17 (23%)

23 (30%)

21 (42%)

12 (15%)

 Good

102 (29%)

24 (32%)

14 (19%)

21 (27%)

12 (24%)

31 (39%)

 Fair

77 (22%)

14 (19%)

21 (28%)

17 (22%)

7 (14%)

18 (23%)

 Poor

32 (9%)

4 (5%)

12 (16%)

1 (2%)

1 (2%)

10 (13%)

Engaged in ≥ 150 min of moderate to vigorous aerobic physical activity in the past week (n = 338)

143 (40%)

38 (51%)

28 (38%)

28 (36%)

18 (36%)

31 (39%)

0.29 (CS)

Current Exercise History (n = 355)

 Do not exercise, do not intend to start

42 (12%)

6 (8%)

11 (15%)

7 (9%)

3 (6%)

15 (19%)

0.018 (MC)

 Do not exercise, but thinking of starting

58 (16%)

10 (14%)

8 (11%)

14 (18%)

11 (22%)

15 (19%)

 Exercise but not regularly

90 (25%)

16 (22%)

19 (26%)

16 (21%)

18 (36%)

21 (27%)

 Exercise regularly but only begun so in last 6 months

36 (10%)

7 (10%)

9 (12%)

13 (17%)

0 (0%)

7 (9%)

 Exercise regularly and have done so for > 6 months

101 (29%)

30 (41%)

19 (26%)

21 (27%)

17 (34%)

14 (18%)

 Exercised regularly in past but not doing so currently

28 (8%)

5 (7%)

8 (11%)

7 (9%)

1 (2%)

7 (9%)

Days of exercise in past week (n = 357)

 0 (none)

97 (27%)

20 (27%)

22 (30%)

20 (26%)

10 (20%)

25 (31%)

0.86 (MC)

 1 day

38 (11%)

8 (11%)

9 (12%)

8 (10%)

3 (6%)

10 (13%)

 2 days

43 (12%)

11 (15%)

4 (5%)

11 (14%)

9 (18%)

8 (10%)

 3 days

46 (13%)

9 (12%)

10 (14%)

11 (14%)

7 (14%)

9 (11%)

 4 days

41 (12%)

12 (16%)

7 (10%)

8 (10%)

5 (10%)

9 (11%)

 5 days

32 (9%)

3 (4%)

9 (12%)

7 (9%)

7 (14%)

6 (8%)

 6 days

21 (6%)

6 (8%)

6 (8%)

5 (6%)

2 (4%)

2 (3%)

 7 days

39 (11%)

6 (8%)

7 (10%)

8 (10%)

7 (14%)

11 (14%)