Table 5 Bias assessment in the systematic review of studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of MAT, PCR, and IgM ELISA, published global and between 1950–2022
A. Endemic countries | ||||||||||||||
Author, reference | Year | Participant Selection | Bias | Applicability | ||||||||||
Index Test | Comparator Test | Flow and timing | Participant Selection | Index Test | Comparator Test | |||||||||
Single MAT studies | Paired MAT studies | |||||||||||||
Woods K [25] | 2017 | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Blanco R [26] | 2014 | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Merien F [27] | 2005 | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Unclear Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Dittrich S [28] | 2018 | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Unclear Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Albuquerque A [29] | 2011 | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | Unclear Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Unclear Risk | |||||
Philip N [30] | 2020 | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Dinhuzen J [31] | 2021 | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Unclear Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Mullan S [32] | 2016 | Low Risk | NA | Low risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Vijayachari P [33] | 2002 | Low Risk | NA | Low risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Kakita T [34] | 2021 | Low Risk | NA | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Alia S [35] | 2019 | Low Risk | High Risk | NA | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Sukmark T [36] | 2018 | Low Risk | High Risk | NA | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Unclear Risk | Low Risk | |||||
B. Non-endemic countries | ||||||||||||||
Author | Year | Patient Selection | Bias | Applicability | ||||||||||
Index Test | Comparator Test | Flow and timing | Patient Selection | Index Test | Comparator Test | |||||||||
Single MAT studies | Paired MAT studies | |||||||||||||
Podgoršek D [37] | 2020 | Low Risk | High risk | NA | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Podgoršek D [38] | 2015 | Low Risk | Hish risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | |||||
Earl L [39] | 2021 | Low Risk | NA | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | |||||
C. Bias assessment of studies selected for PCR accuracy evaluation | ||||||||||||||
Author | Year | Bias | Applicability | |||||||||||
Patient Selection | Index Test | Comparator Test | Flow and timing | Patient Selection | Index Test | Comparator Test | ||||||||
Merien F [27] | 2005 | Low Risk | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low risk | Unclear Risk | ||||||
Esteves L [40] | 2011 | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | Low risk | Low Risk | ||||||
D. Bias assessment of studies selected for IgM ELISA accuracy evaluation | ||||||||||||||
Author | Year | Bias | Applicability | |||||||||||
Patient Selection | Index Test | Comparator Test | Flow and timing | Patient Selection | Index Test | Comparator Test | ||||||||
Bourhy P [41] | 2013 | High Risk | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | High Risk | Low Risk | Low Risk | ||||||