Table 1 Patient Characteristics Before and After Propensity Score methods
Variables | Classification | Before PS methods | After PS Weighting | After PS Matching | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All cohort (N = 763) | Non-ACEI group (N = 465) | ACEI group (N = 298) | P value | Statistic | SMD | All cohort (N = 1519) | Non-ACEI group (N = 760) | ACEI group (N = 759) | P value | Statistic | SMD | All cohort (N = 570) | Non-ACEI group (N = 285) | ACEI group (N = 285) | P value | Statistic | SMD | ||
Sex | Male | 309(40.50) | 186(40.00) | 123(41.28) | 0.7263 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 627(41.28) | 309(40.57) | 319(42.00) | 0.5718 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 239(41.93) | 123(43.16) | 116(40.70) | 0.5524 | 0.35 | 0.01 |
Female | 454(59.50) | 279(60.00) | 175(58.72) | 892(58.72) | 452(59.43) | 440(58.00) | 331(58.07) | 162(56.84) | 169(59.30) | ||||||||||
Age, years | 80.86 ± 9.84 | 81.46 ± 9.86 | 79.92 ± 9.73 | 0.0356 | 2.11 | 0.16 | 80.77 ± 13.88 | 80.80 ± 12.70 | 80.74 ± 15.55 | 0.9353 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 79.96 ± 9.79 | 79.86 ± 9.94 | 80.05 ± 9.67 | 0.8143 | -0.24 | 0.03 | |
Vaccination history, shots | 0 | 522(68.41) | 329(70.75) | 193(64.77) | 0.0957 | 7.89 | 1036(68.21) | 519(68.24) | 518(68.19) | 0.9994 | 0.07 | 382(67.02) | 193(67.72) | 189(66.32) | 0.9642 | 0.59 | |||
1 | 5(0.66) | 2(0.43) | 3(1.01) | 0.07 | 10(0.68) | 5(0.68) | 5(0.67) | < 0.01 | 5(0.88) | 2(0.70) | 3(1.05) | < 0.01 | |||||||
2 | 47(6.16) | 24(5.16) | 23(7.72) | 0.10 | 96(6.31) | 49(6.44) | 47(6.19) | < 0.01 | 39(6.84) | 19(6.67) | 20(7.02) | 0.01 | |||||||
3 | 67(8.78) | 33(7.10) | 34(11.41) | 0.15 | 139(9.13) | 68(8.98) | 70(9.27) | 0.01 | 58(10.18) | 27(9.47) | 31(10.88) | 0.01 | |||||||
unknow | 122(15.99) | 77(16.56) | 45(15.10) | 0.04 | 238(15.67) | 119(15.67) | 119(15.68) | 0.01 | 86(15.09) | 44(15.44) | 42(14.74) | 0.01 | |||||||
Fever | 173(22.67) | 108(23.23) | 65(21.81) | 0.6491 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 338(22.25) | 171(22.51) | 167(21.99) | 0.8049 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 126(22.11) | 65(22.81) | 61(21.40) | 0.6864 | 0.16 | 0.06 | |
Cough | 460(60.29) | 282(60.65) | 178(59.73) | 0.8013 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 918(60.41) | 459(60.31) | 459(60.50) | 0.9405 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 345(60.53) | 175(61.40) | 170(59.65) | 0.6683 | 0.18 | 0.01 | |
Shortness of breath | 37(4.85) | 23(4.95) | 14(4.70) | 0.8762 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 80(5.25) | 39(5.16) | 40(5.33) | 0.8794 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 28(4.91) | 14(4.91) | 14(4.91) | 1.0000 | 0.00 | 0.03 | |
Diarrhoea | 10(1.31) | 3(0.65) | 7(2.35) | 0.0435 | 4.08 | 0.14 | 21(1.36) | 11(1.41) | 10(1.30) | 0.8444 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 5(0.88) | 3(1.05) | 2(0.70) | 0.6533 | 0.20 | 0.06 | |
Other symptoms | 106(13.89) | 56(12.04) | 50(16.78) | 0.0650 | 3.40 | 0.14 | 221(14.55) | 111(14.60) | 110(14.51) | 0.9598 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 91(15.96) | 44(15.44) | 47(16.49) | 0.7316 | 0.12 | 0.04 | |
Use of Paxlovid | 583(76.41) | 365(78.49) | 218(73.15) | 0.0901 | 2.87 | 0.12 | 1169(76.92) | 584(76.85) | 584(76.98) | 0.9515 | 0.00 | < 0.01 | 419(73.51) | 209(73.33) | 210(73.68) | 0.9244 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
Covid − 19 Classification | mild | 366(47.97) | 217(46.67) | 149(50.00) | 0.3690 | -0.90 | 0.06 | 726(47.76) | 360(47.37) | 365(48.15) | 0.8553 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 282(49.47) | 141(49.47) | 141(49.47) | 1.0000 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
common | 397(52.03) | 248(53.33) | 149(50.00) | 794(52.24) | 400(52.63) | 394(51.85) | 288(50.53) | 144(50.53) | 144(50.53) | ||||||||||
Antoimmune disease | 6(0.79) | 5(1.08) | 1(0.34) | 0.2591 | 1.27 | 0.09 | 11(0.74) | 6(0.79) | 5(0.69) | 0.8179 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2(0.35) | 1(0.35) | 1(0.35) | 1.0000 | 0.00 | 0.04 | |
Diabetes | 219(28.70) | 130(27.96) | 89(29.87) | 0.5696 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 422(27.80) | 212(27.89) | 210(27.70) | 0.9317 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 161(28.25) | 79(27.72) | 82(28.77) | 0.7802 | 0.08 | 0.02 | |
Coronary heart disease | 230(30.14) | 136(29.25) | 94(31.54) | 0.5001 | 0.45 | 0.04 | 454(29.86) | 225(29.63) | 228(30.10) | 0.8431 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 171(30.00) | 84(29.47) | 87(30.53) | 0.7839 | 0.08 | 0.01 | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 16(2.10) | 12(2.58) | 4(1.34) | 0.2441 | 1.36 | 0.09 | 35(2.30) | 17(2.20) | 18(2.40) | 0.7938 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 9(1.58) | 5(1.75) | 4(1.40) | 0.7369 | 0.11 | 0.08 | |
Malignant disease | 54(7.08) | 37(7.96) | 17(5.70) | 0.2366 | 1.40 | 0.09 | 118(7.74) | 55(7.17) | 63(8.30) | 0.4115 | 0.67 | 0.05 | 31(5.44) | 15(5.26) | 16(5.61) | 0.8535 | 0.03 | 0.04 | |
Patient Source | Community | 548(71.82) | 336(72.26) | 212(71.14) | 0.7379 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 1095(72.04) | 551(72.43) | 544(71.64) | 0.7334 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 414(72.63) | 209(73.33) | 205(71.93) | 0.7071 | 0.14 | 0.02 |
Nursing home | 215(28.18) | 129(27.74) | 86(28.86) | 425(27.96) | 210(27.57) | 215(28.36) | 156(27.37) | 76(26.67) | 80(28.07) | ||||||||||
Admission to ICU | 36(4.72) | 26(5.59) | 10(3.36) | 0.1553 | 2.02 | 0.11 | 70(4.61) | 36(4.74) | 34(4.48) | 0.8076 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 21(3.68) | 11(3.86) | 10(3.51) | 0.8240 | 0.05 | < 0.01 | |
Respiratory rate, per min | 18.33 ± 1.77 | 18.30 ± 1.77 | 18.39 ± 1.77 | 0.4665 | -0.73 | 0.06 | 18.30 ± 2.44 | 18.31 ± 0.21 | 18.3 ± 2.78 | 0.9307 | 0.09 | < 0.01 | 18.41 ± 1.62 | 18.42 ± 1.42 | 18.40 ± 1.80 | 0.8367 | 0.21 | 0.03 | |
Body temperature, °C | 36.64 ± 0.40 | 36.65 ± 0.40 | 36.63 ± 0.40 | 0.3378 | 0.96 | 0.07 | 36.64 ± 0.55 | 36.64 ± 0.50 | 36.63 ± 0.63 | 0.8428 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 36.64 ± 0.39 | 36.64 ± 0.39 | 36.64 ± 0.39 | 0.9370 | 0.08 | 0.01 | |
Heart rate, beats per min | 76.35 ± 13.60 | 76.47 ± 13.90 | 76.16 ± 13.13 | 0.7597 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 76.04 ± 19.08 | 76.15 ± 17.63 | 75.92 ± 21.16 | 0.8159 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 76.13 ± 13.18 | 76.09 ± 13.18 | 76.17 ± 13.20 | 0.9393 | -0.08 | 0.01 | |
Pulse oxygen saturation, % | 98.48 ± 1.36 | 98.44 ± 1.38 | 98.55 ± 1.34 | 0.2702 | -1.10 | 0.08 | 98.44 ± 2.11 | 98.47 ± 1.68 | 98.41 ± 2.65 | 0.5369 | 0.62 | 0.07 | 98.51 ± 1.27 | 98.48 ± 1.20 | 98.54 ± 1.35 | 0.5546 | -0.59 | < 0.01 | |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73.69 ± 12.60 | 72.94 ± 12.88 | 74.86 ± 12.09 | 0.0396 | -2.06 | 0.16 | 73.62 ± 17.74 | 73.68 ± 16.37 | 73.57 ± 19.71 | 0.9060 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 74.78 ± 12.41 | 74.87 ± 12.72 | 74.69 ± 12.11 | 0.8582 | 0.18 | 0.01 | |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 134.34 ± 21.60 | 134.06 ± 21.77 | 134.80 ± 21.36 | 0.6449 | -0.46 | 0.04 | 134.15 ± 30.89 | 134.33 ± 27.74 | 133.98 ± 35.30 | 0.8280 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 134.88 ± 21.33 | 135.08 ± 21.41 | 134.68 ± 21.28 | 0.8231 | 0.22 | 0.03 | |
WBC ×109/L | 5.67 ± 2.50 | 5.75 ± 2.39 | 5.53 ± 2.66 | 0.2312 | 1.20 | 0.09 | 5.67 ± 3.69 | 5.65 ± 2.91 | 5.69 ± 4.66 | 0.8258 | -0.22 | 0.04 | 5.53 ± 2.38 | 5.50 ± 2.03 | 5.56 ± 2.70 | 0.7948 | -0.26 | < 0.01 | |
PLT×109/L | 179.83 ± 66.13 | 178.88 ± 67.82 | 181.32 ± 63.50 | 0.6187 | -0.50 | 0.04 | 177.90 ± 91.94 | 178.89 ± 85.40 | 176.90 ± 101.43 | 0.6725 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 179.74 ± 65.61 | 177.96 ± 67.71 | 181.53 ± 63.50 | 0.5171 | -0.65 | 0.02 | |
LYM% | 25.86 ± 11.66 | 25.59 ± 11.52 | 26.29 ± 11.88 | 0.4201 | -0.81 | 0.06 | 25.75 ± 16.58 | 25.86 ± 14.58 | 25.64 ± 19.32 | 0.7925 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 26.33 ± 11.53 | 26.39 ± 11.06 | 26.27 ± 1.99 | 0.8943 | 0.13 | 0.02 | |
NEU% | 63.70 ± 13.00 | 64.19 ± 12.97 | 62.94 ± 13.04 | 0.1965 | 1.29 | 0.10 | 63.82 ± 18.64 | 63.67 ± 16.31 | 63.98 ± 21.81 | 0.7480 | -0.32 | 0.04 | 62.95 ± 12.71 | 62.85 ± 12.30 | 63.04 ± 13.13 | 0.8571 | -0.18 | 0.02 | |
LYM×109/L | 1.27(0.87–1.71) | 1.28(0.90–1.71) | 1.26(0.83–1.70) | 0.5746 | -0.56 | 0.07 | 1.26(0.85–1.67) | 1.29(0.91–1.68) | 1.26(0.80–1.67) | 0.0589 | 1.89 | 0.01 | 1.28(0.87–1.70) | 1.29(0.92–1.71) | 1.26(0.84–1.70) | 0.3524 | 0.93 | 0.02 | |
NEU×109/L | 3.27(2.31–4.60) | 3.36(2.34–4.68) | 3.14(2.26–4.37) | 0.0610 | -1.87 | 0.10 | 3.21(2.29–4.56) | 3.31(2.32–4.61) | 3.18(2.26–4.55) | 0.2020 | 1.28 | 0.03 | 3.13(2.28–4.43) | 3.18(2.29–4.41) | 3.07(2.27–4.44) | 0.7457 | 0.32 | 0.02 | |
PT(S) | 11.40 ± 1.50 | 11.44 ± 1.63 | 11.33 ± 1.27 | 0.3253 | 0.98 | 0.08 | 11.43 ± 2.10 | 11.41 ± 2.01 | 11.45 ± 2.23 | 0.7452 | -0.33 | 0.04 | 11.38 ± 1.38 | 11.41 ± 1.48 | 11.35 ± 1.29 | 0.5780 | 0.56 | 0.04 | |
TT(S) | 14.68 ± 3.18 | 14.75 ± 3.82 | 14.58 ± 1.77 | 0.4747 | 0.72 | 0.06 | 14.64 ± 3.90 | 14.67 ± 4.39 | 14.61 ± 2.97 | 0.7670 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 14.52 ± 2.10 | 14.47 ± 2.38 | 14.58 ± 1.77 | 0.5521 | -0.59 | 0.06 | |
APTT(S) | 30.02 ± 3.46 | 30.03 ± 3.58 | 30.01 ± 3.28 | 0.9363 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 30.09 ± 4.90 | 30.02 ± 4.46 | 30.16 ± 5.52 | 0.5934 | -0.53 | 0.03 | 30.05 ± 3.36 | 30.13 ± 3.41 | 29.97 ± 3.30 | 0.5722 | 0.57 | 0.01 | |
D-dimer(mg/L) | 0.66(0.43–1.08) | 0.66(0.45–1.23) | 0.66(0.41–0.90) | 0.0090 | -2.61 | 0.14 | 0.66(0.42–1.07) | 0.66(0.42–1.13) | 0.66(0.43–1.02) | 0.4821 | 0.70 | 0.03 | 0.66(0.42–0.96) | 0.66(0.43–1.04) | 0.66(0.41–0.93) | 0.2118 | 1.25 | 0.01 | |
CRP (mg/L) | 9.23(3.48–23.53) | 9.41(3.87–24.96) | 8.57(3.04–22.45) | 0.1805 | -1.34 | 0.06 | 9.07(3.43–23.70) | 9.53(3.74–23.76) | 8.65(3.09–23.68) | 0.3237 | 0.99 | 0.05 | 8.57(3.38–21.99) | 8.90(3.74–21.99) | 8.33(3.04–21.86) | 0.5262 | 0.63 | 0.03 | |
IL-6 (pg/ml) | 31.75(17.21–80.15) | 31.75(17.24–93.90) | 31.75(17.19–60.79) | 0.1436 | -1.46 | 0.06 | 31.75(17.19–81.38) | 31.75(16.80-92.41) | 31.75(17.32–72.43) | 0.5355 | 0.62 | 0.16 | 31.75(15.21–78.30) | 31.75(15.04–93.90) | 31.75(17.19–63.07) | 0.5111 | 0.66 | 0.02 | |
PCT (ng/ml) | 0.02(0.02–0.06) | 0.02(0.02–0.07) | 0.02(0.02–0.05) | 0.4444 | -0.76 | 0.04 | 0.02(0.02–0.06) | 0.02(0.02–0.06) | 0.02(0.02–0.07) | 0.4974 | -0.68 | 0.03 | 0.02(0.02–0.06) | 0.02(0.02–0.07) | 0.02(0.02–0.05) | 0.6068 | 0.51 | 0.04 | |
ALB(g/L) | 38.87 ± 4.15 | 38.71 ± 4.29 | 39.11 ± 3.91 | 0.1936 | -1.30 | 0.10 | 38.88 ± 5.81 | 38.90 ± 5.46 | 38.86 ± 6.32 | 0.8778 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 39.07 ± 4.04 | 38.98 ± 4.20 | 39.16 ± 3.89 | 0.5918 | -0.54 | 0.04 | |
ALT (U/L) | 16.19(11.96–23.97) | 16.19(12.35–24.06) | 16.19(11.50-23.84) | 0.6612 | -0.44 | 0.03 | 16.19(11.88–24.36) | 16.19(12.36–23.97) | 16.19(11.57–25.42) | 0.7009 | -0.38 | 0.02 | 16.19(11.88–24.08) | 16.19(12.48–24.30) | 16.19(11.50-23.67) | 0.5221 | 0.64 | 0.01 | |
AST (U/L) | 23.93(19.59–31.13) | 23.93(19.92–32.34) | 23.67(19.26–29.48) | 0.0303 | -2.17 | 0.11 | 23.93(19.67–31.57) | 23.93(19.92–31.50) | 23.93(19.59–31.98) | 0.3436 | 0.95 | 0.02 | 23.93(19.51–30.32) | 23.93(19.73–31.50) | 23.61(19.16–29.41) | 0.0876 | 1.71 | 0.02 | |
TB (µmol/L) | 10.82(8.39–14.89) | 10.82(8.44–15.12) | 10.82(8.39–14.60) | 0.9020 | -0.12 | 0.08 | 10.82(8.39–15.10) | 10.82(8.24–15.12) | 10.82(8.58–15.10) | 0.2724 | -1.10 | 0.03 | 10.82(8.37–14.75) | 10.82(8.20–14.70) | 10.82(8.60-14.75) | 0.4085 | -0.83 | < 0.01 | |
Cre(umol/L) | 62.80(51.80–80.30) | 62.80(51.60–76.00) | 62.80(52.70–83.00) | 0.0759 | 1.78 | < 0.01 | 62.80(52.00-80.80) | 62.80(51.20–75.20) | 62.80(52.70–83.30) | 0.0074 | -2.68 | 0.03 | 62.80(51.60–80.50) | 62.80(50.80–75.20) | 62.80(52.70–81.80) | 0.0758 | -1.78 | 0.10 | |
BNP (pg/mL) | 74.00(60.00–74.00) | 74.00(62.00–81.00) | 74.00(54.00–74.00) | 0.2124 | -1.25 | 0.09 | 74.00(57.00–74.00) | 74.00(60.00–74.00) | 74.00(54.00–74.00) | 0.9197 | -0.10 | < 0.01 | 74.00(55.00–74.00) | 74.00(61.00–74.00) | 74.00(53.00–74.00) | 0.8352 | 0.21 | < 0.01 | |
Ctnl (ng/mL) | 0.02(0.02–0.02) | 0.02(0.02–0.03) | 0.02(0.02–0.02) | 0.3804 | -0.88 | 0.02 | 0.02(0.02–0.02) | 0.02(0.02–0.02) | 0.02(0.02–0.03) | 0.6409 | -0.47 | 0.07 | 0.02(0.02–0.02) | 0.02(0.02–0.02) | 0.02(0.02–0.02) | 0.5702 | -0.57 | 0.02 | |
CK-MB (ng/mL) | 2.11(1.76–2.68) | 2.11(1.75–3.05) | 2.11(1.76–2.36) | 0.0872 | -1.71 | 0.13 | 2.11(1.75–2.61) | 2.11(1.75–2.93) | 2.11(1.74–2.43) | 0.1455 | 1.46 | 0.02 | 2.11(1.72–2.48) | 2.11(1.72–2.59) | 2.11(1.74–2.36) | 0.5049 | 0.67 | 0.04 | |
GLU (mmol/l) | 6.11 ± 2.50 | 6.00 ± 2.20 | 6.28 ± 2.92 | 0.1417 | -1.47 | 0.11 | 6.12 ± 3.53 | 6.10 ± 3.00 | 6.13 ± 4.23 | 0.8858 | -0.14 | 0.01 | 6.24 ± 2.64 | 6.25 ± 2.44 | 6.24 ± 2.83 | 0.9772 | 0.03 | < 0.01 | |
Hb (g/dl) | 123.45 ± 18.29 | 123.49 ± 18.51 | 123.38 ± 17.97 | 0.9389 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 123.41 ± 25.94 | 123.40 ± 23.48 | 123.41 ± 29.41 | 0.9928 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 123.23 ± 18.12 | 122.97 ± 18.13 | 123.49 ± 18.13 | 0.7326 | -0.34 | 0.05 | |
Cerebrovascular disease | 169(22.15) | 105(22.58) | 64(21.48) | 0.7201 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 334(21.93) | 165(21.69) | 169(22.17) | 0.8200 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 125(22.16) | 64(22.70) | 61(21.63) | 0.7610 | 0.09 | 0.03 | |
Arrythmias | 7(0.92) | 6(1.29) | 1(0.34) | 0.1772 | 1.82 | 0.11 | 14(0.92) | 7(0.92) | 7(0.92) | 0.9989 | 0.00 | < 0.01 | 3(0.53) | 2(0.71) | 1(0.35) | 0.5627 | 0.34 | 0.04 | |
Heart failure | 9(1.18) | 7(1.51) | 2(0.67) | 0.2977 | 1.08 | 0.08 | 15(0.99) | 9(1.16) | 6(0.82) | 0.5105 | 0.43 | 0.03 | 3(0.53) | 1(0.35) | 2(0.71) | 0.5627 | 0.34 | 0.03 | |
CKD | 5(0.66) | 4(0.86) | 1(0.34) | 0.3809 | 0.77 | 0.07 | 9(0.59) | 5(0.65) | 4(0.52) | 0.7434 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 2(0.35) | 1(0.35) | 1(0.35) | 1.0000 | 0.00 | < 0.01 | |
Use of OADs | 151(19.79) | 87(18.71) | 64(21.48) | 0.3493 | 0.88 | 0.07 | 290(19.04) | 147(19.27) | 143(18.81) | 0.8177 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 116(20.57) | 58(20.57) | 58(20.57) | 1.0000 | 0.00 | < 0.01 | |
Use of aspirin | 124(16.25) | 78(16.77) | 46(15.44) | 0.6250 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 258(16.97) | 127(16.64) | 131(17.30) | 0.7308 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 97(17.20) | 51(18.09) | 46(16.31) | 0.5769 | 0.31 | 0.05 | |
Use of clopidogrel | 124(16.25) | 75(16.13) | 49(16.44) | 0.9087 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 255(16.75) | 126(16.57) | 129(16.93) | 0.8508 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 91(16.13) | 43(15.25) | 48(17.02) | 0.5671 | 0.33 | 0.05 | |