Table 3 Persistent headache clinical characteristics after COVID-19 in 421 participants in Latin America
From: New daily persistent headache after SARS-CoV-2 infection in Latin America: a cross-sectional study
Persistent headache clinical characteristics | All (n = 421, 100%) | NDPH (n = 106, 25.2%) | Non-NDPH (n = 315, 74.8%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Time of onset, n (%) | 0.744a | |||
< 2nd week of COVID-19 | 290 (68.9) | 70 (66) | 220 (69.8) | |
2nd − 4th week of COVID-19 | 64 (15.2) | 17 (16) | 47 (14.9) | |
> 4th week of COVID-19 | 67 (15.9) | 19 (17.9) | 48 (15.2) | |
Type of onset, n (%) | 0.476a | |||
Insidious | 278 (66) | 73 (68.9) | 205 (65.1) | |
Sudden | 143 (34) | 33 (31.1) | 110 (34.9) | |
Side, n (%) | 0.472a | |||
Bilateral | 286 (67.9) | 75 (70.8) | 211 (67) | |
Unilateral | 135 (32.1) | 31 (29.2) | 104 (33) | |
Location, yes (%) | ||||
Frontal | 212 (50.4) | 51 (48.1) | 161 (51.1) | 0.593a |
Parietal | 165 (39.2) | 41 (38.7) | 124 (39.4) | 0.9a |
Periocular | 163 (38.7) | 48 (45.3) | 115 (36.5) | 0.109a |
Occipital | 135 (32.1) | 46 (43.4) | 89 (28.3) | 0.004a |
Temporal | 106 (25.2) | 24 (22.6) | 82 (26) | 0.487a |
Vertex | 74 (17.6) | 20 (18.9) | 54 (17.1) | 0.686a |
Intensity (VAS) score, median (IQR), points | 7 (3) | 8 (2) | 7 (3) | 0.007b |
Intensity (VAS) by severity, n (%) | 0.011a | |||
Mild/Moderate | 167 (39.7) | 31 (29.2) | 136 (43.2) | |
Severe/Unbearable | 254 (60.3) | 75 (70.8) | 179 (56.8) | |
Character, yes (%) | ||||
Oppressive | 248 (58.9) | 63 (59.4) | 185 (58.7) | 0.899a |
Pulsatile | 167 (39.7) | 48 (45.3) | 119 (37.8) | 0.172a |
Dull | 120 (28.5) | 28 (26.4) | 92 (29.2) | 0.582a |
Lancinating | 111 (26.4) | 34 (32.1) | 77 (24.4) | 0.123a |
Burning | 39 (9.3) | 18 (17) | 21 (6.7) | 0.002a |
Irradiation, n (%) | 0.048a | |||
No | 157 (37.3) | 31 (29.2) | 126 (40) | |
Yes | 264 (62.7) | 75 (70.8) | 189 (60) | |
Neck, yes (%) | 162 (38.5) | 49 (46.2) | 113 (35.9) | 0.058a |
Face, yes (%) | 126 (29.9) | 38 (35.8) | 88 (27.9) | 0.124a |
Shoulders, yes (%) | 97 (23) | 30 (28.3) | 67 (21.3) | 0.137a |
Other, yes (%) | 4 (1) | 3 (2.8) | 1 (0.3) | 0.051c |
Duration, n (%) | 0.077a | |||
< 3 months | 214 (50.8) | 46 (43.4) | 168 (53.3) | 0.01a |
4–8 weeks | 86 (40.2) | 15 (32.6) | 71 (42.3) | |
5–6 weeks | 26 (12.1) | 4 (8.7) | 22 (13.1) | |
6–7 weeks | 16 (7.5) | 0 (0) | 16 (9.5) | |
7–8 weeks | 28 (13.1) | 6 (13) | 22 (13.1) | |
8 weeks to 3 months | 58 (13.1) | 21 (45.7) | 37 (22) | |
≥ 3 months | 207 (49.2) | 60 (56.6) | 147 (46.7) | 0.035a |
3–6 months | 64 (30.9) | 25 (41.7) | 39 (26.5) | |
6–9 months | 38 (18.4) | 14 (23.3) | 24 (16.3) | |
9–12 months | 24 (11.6) | 4 (6.7) | 20 (13.6) | |
> 12 months | 81 (39.1) | 17 (28.3) | 64 (43.5) | |
Onset schedule, n (%) | 0.004a | |||
Any time of day | 243 (57.7) | 71 (67) | 172 (54.6) | |
During the morning | 81 (19.2) | 18 (17) | 63 (20) | |
During the afternoon | 57 (13.6) | 4 (3.8) | 53 (16.8) | |
During the evening | 40 (9.5) | 13 (12.3) | 27 (8.6) | |
Pain attenuation, n (%) | 0.006a | |||
No | 22 (5.2) | 11 (10.4) | 11 (3.5) | |
Yes | 399 (94.8) | 95 (89.6) | 304 (96.5) | |
Analgesics, yes (%) | 340 (80.8) | 79 (74.5) | 261 (82.9) | 0.06a |
Rest, yes (%) | 114 (27.1) | 25 (23.6) | 89 (28.3) | 0.349a |
Sleep, yes (%) | 109 (25.9) | 24 (22.6) | 85 (27) | 0.377a |
Pain exacerbation, n (%) | 0.553a | |||
No | 83 (19.7) | 23 (21.7) | 60 (19) | |
Yes | 338 (80.3) | 83 (78.3) | 255 (81) | |
Valsalva maneuvers, yes (%) | 190 (45.1) | 49 (46.2) | 141 (44.8) | 0.793a |
Head movements, yes (%) | 177 (42) | 38 (35.8) | 139 (44.1) | 0.135a |
Walking, yes (%) | 78 (18.5) | 25 (23.6) | 53 (16.8) | 0.121a |