Table 1 Characteristics of the study about COVID-19 vaccine acceptance sorting by time
Author/year/country | Date of survey | N | Target population | Outcome measures | Acceptance rates | Predictors of acceptance | Predictors of hesitance | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Longchamps/2021/ France [10] | May 2—June 28 2020 | 235 | Homeless shelters | Acceptance: “If a vaccine existed would you be willing to get vaccinated?” | 59.15% | 1, Being women 2, Living with partners 3, Having legal residence 4, Having low health literacy | Good | |
Hsu/2021/USA [23] | August 7—September 17 2020 | 78 | Young PEH | Acceptance: “When COVID-19 vaccine is available, how interested would you be in taking the vaccine?” in 7-level scale Attitudes: Respondents were asked their level of agreement on whether they believed the potential COVID-19 vaccine would (1) be necessary to protect their health, (2) do a good job to stop the COVID-19 spread, and (3) be safe | 56.41% | Fair | ||
Swendeman/2022/USA [33] | October 2020 | 153 | Young PEH | Acceptance: “What is the likelihood that you will get a COVID-19 vaccination when it is available?”, on a 5-level scale (‘Very likely’, ‘Likely’, ‘Somewhat likely’, ‘Not likely’, or ‘Refuse to answer/don’t know’) Attitudes: VHS | 51.63% | Fair | ||
Knight/2021/USA [11] | July—October 2020 | 91 | PEH | Interview by telephone | 1, Return to regular life 2, Wait until other take the vaccine | 1, Need more data of vaccine 2, Negative experiences with other vaccines 3, Mistrust in government | Poor | |
Iacoella/2021/Italy [39] | February 1—February 15 2021 | 112 | PEH | Acceptance: Would you be willing to be vaccinated against COVID-19? | 64.29% | 1, Being female | Poor | |
Meehan/2022/USA [27] | February 9 – February 23 2021 | 106 | Homeless shelters | Attitudes: open-ended questions | 57.55% | 1, Protect own health 2, Protect others 3, Resume travel and social activities | 1, Side effects concerns 2, Vaccine is being new 3, Human experiments 4, Don’t trust medical field | Fair |
Kuhn/2021/USA [25] | December—February 26 2021 | 90 | PEH | Acceptance: respondents were asked if they would take the vaccine if they were offered it, with possible responses of “yes,” “no” or “prefer not to answer Attitudes: could not determine | 52.22% | 1, Trusting COVID-19 information from the official sources | 1, Having lower COVID-19 threat index scores 2, Highly engage in protective behaviors 3, Trusting personal contacts for COVID-19 information | Fair |
Rogers/2022/USA [31] | November 1—February 28 2021 | 672 | Homeless shelters | Acceptance: “Once a vaccine against COVID-19 becomes available to you, do you plan to get it?” | 53.72% | 1, Higher level of educational attainment 2, Receiving Influenza vaccine before | 1, BeingMultiracial 2, Being Black/African American 3, Being female 4, Safety concerns 5, Need more information 6, Not afraid of COVID-19 | Good |
Rodriguez/2021/USA [30] | December 20—March 7 2021 | 84 | Homeless patients visited emergency departments | Acceptance: “Would you accept the COVID19 vaccine when it becomes available?” | 63.10% | Good | ||
Gin/2022/USA [22] | January—April 2021 | 20 | Homelessness veterans | Semi-structured interviews | 70% | 1, Protect own health 2, Protect other 3, Used to get vaccines in military | 1, Vaccines were not tested enough 2, Long-term side effects concerns 3, Mistrust in government | Fair |
Abramovich/2022/Canada [40] | January—June 2021 | 91 | Youth LGBT + PEH | An adapted version of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale [43] | 63.74% | 1, Being White | 1, Being Black 2, Being racialized versus non-racialized | Good |
Meehan/2022/USA [26] | March—June 2021 | 864 | Homeless unshelters | A questionnaire template with over 20 questions to assess COVID-19 vaccine uptake, intention, and associated factors | 53.82% | 1, Having underlying medical conditions 2, Having previous COVID-19 illness 3, Received health information from hospitals/health centers, religious leaders, and multimedia news sources 4, Protect own health 5, Protect health of family or friends | 1, Vaccine was new 2, Received health information from the social media 3, Need more information 4, Side effects concerns 5, Human experiments concerns | Good |
Balut/2022/USA [17] | January—April 2021 and July—August 2021 | Healthcare and housing service providers’ perspectives of homeless veterans | semi-structured interviews | 1, Distrust and cynicism 2, Long vaccine appointment scheduling process 3, Mandating vaccination | Fair | |||
Cox/2022/USA [19] | March 2020—August 2 2021 | 98 | Homeless shelters | Self-report their perceived risk of COVID-19 and intent to receive a COVID-19 vaccine across four different seasonal time point Change intent over time: “Overall, how have your feelings about getting a COVID-19 vaccine changed since beginning of the pandemic (Spring 2020)?” | 74.23% | 1, Vaccine was safe 2, Vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19 3, Encouragement from family/friends | 1, Mistrust in government and healthcare providers 2, Side effects concerns | Good |
Tucker/2022/USA [34] | March—October 2021 | 125 | Young PEH | Acceptance: participants indicated whether they had gotten the COVID-19 vaccine (yes, no) and rated how much they agreed/disagreed with the following two statements: If the COVID-19 vaccine were available to me now (a year from now), I would get the vaccine (1 strongly disagree to 4 strongly agree) | 50.4% | 1, Being LGBTQ young adults | Good | |
Finnigan/2022/USA [20] | September 27 -October 8 2021 | 289 | PEH | Acceptance: “Have you received a COVID-19 vaccine?” if the answer was no then there was another question "Do you plan to get vaccinated for COVID-19?”, with answer choices consisting of definitely getting a vaccine, probably getting a vaccine, unsure about getting a vaccine, probably NOT getting a vaccine, and definitely NOT getting a vaccine | 74.73% | 1, Side effects concerns 2, Did not trust COVID-19 vaccine 3, Did not trust the government | Fair | |
Currie/2022/Australia [37] | 23 September and 28 October 2021 | 49 | PEH | Semi-structured interviews of people who already accepted the vaccine | 1, Important to own health 2, Important to community health 3, Someone told to get vaccine 4, Visit loved ones | Fair | ||
Rosen/2022/USA [32] | May—November 2021 | 4949 | PEH | Acceptance: unvaccinated participants were asked if they wanted to get vaccinated and answered yes, no, or not yet Attitudes: list of 13 reasons for vaccine readiness and hesitancy | 75.57% | 1, $50 gift card 2, Protecting other 3, Outreach staff recommended it | 1, Not a top priority 2, Not a afraid of COVID-19 3, Safety concerns 4, Side effects concerns | Fair |
Roederer/2022/France [16] | November 15 -December 22 2021 | 3690 | Migrants, homeless shelters, and homeless unshelters | Acceptance: COVID-19 vaccination status was verified via the national vaccine certificate – and interviews for further information | 89.26% | 1, Protect own health 2, Protect others 3, Vaccine certificate as the motivation (continue to work, travel, etc.) | 1, Side effects concerns 2, Fear of injection/serious disease 3, Skepticism about vaccine effectiveness | Good |
Grune/2023/Germany [42] | August—April 2022 | 20 | PEH | Semi-structured interviews | 1, High risk perception of COVID-19 2, Protect others 3, Continue with normal life 4, Vaccine was effective and safe | 1, Side effects concerns 2, Mistrust in government/health systems | Fair | |
Polla/2022/Italy [38] | June and October 2022 | 313 | PEH | 5 section questionnaire: sociodemographic, knowledge about COVID-19, attitudes and beliefs, and COVID-19 vaccination and the reasons for the decision | 88.18% | 1, Being older 2, Higher knowledge of COVID-19 3, Perceived themselves as a higher risk of the disease | 1, Side effects concerns | Good |