Fig. 5

Characterization of CD8⁺ T cell subsets from PBMCs from individuals with HIV-1 infection and HCs. (A) t-SNE map showing CD8⁺ T cells from the PhenoGraph cluster identified in Fig. 5B, colored by cluster. Major CD8⁺ T cell subsets (left) and different groups (right) are each colored as indicated. (B) Heatmap showing normalized expression of the panel markers identified with PhenoGraph. Clusters were manually assigned to the CD8⁺ T cell subpopulations as indicated. (C) Violin plots displaying the expression of indicated cell markers for global CD8⁺ T cells across the four groups. (D) Histograms showing expression of selected markers for major CD8⁺ T cell subsets. (E) Dot plot showing six major CD8⁺ T cell subset percentages from the four group individuals. Different cohorts are shown with the same color in A. C. Significant differences are indicated by *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Differences between each group were analyzed using a two-sided unpaired Mann–Whitney U-test. (F) Bubble heatmap showing Spearman’s correlation of CD8⁺ T cell subset percentages with viral reservoir parameters, CD4/CD8 ratio, and CD4⁺ T count. The color of the bubble represents the correlation coefficient, the deeper the more relevant between the two variables, while the direction is indicated by colors: red for a positive correlation and blue for a negative correlation. The size of the bubble indicates statistically significant P-values, with larger values representing greater significance