Table 1 Baseline characteristics
From: Symptom-based scoring technique by machine learning to predict COVID-19: a validation study
Variable | Category – metric | Setting | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Referral center (n = 555) | Emergency department (n = 199) | p-valuea | |||
Non-missing | Missing | ||||
Outcome | |||||
COVID-19 by RT-PCR test | Negative – n (%) | 203 (36.58) | 9 (4.52) | > .05 | < .001 |
Positive – n (%) | 327 (58.92) | 10 (5.03) | |||
Missing – n (%) | 25 (4.50) | 180 (90.45) | |||
Index test | |||||
COVID-19 by symptom scoring b | Negative – n (%) | 263 (47.39) | 197 (99.00) | > .05 | < .001 |
Positive – n (%) | 35 (6.31) | 0 (0.00) | |||
Missing – n (%) | 257 (46.30) | 2 (1.00) | |||
Comparator tests | |||||
COVID-19 by antigen test | Negative – n (%) | 19 (3.42) | 30 (15.08) | < .001 | .004 |
Positive – n (%) | 29 (5.23) | 2 (1.00) | |||
Missing – n (%) | 507 (91.35) | 167 (83.92) | |||
COVID-19 by antibody test | Negative – n (%) | 87 (15.68) | 5 (2.51) | > .05 | < .001 |
Positive – n (%) | 31 (5.58) | 0 (0.00) | |||
Missing – n (%) | 437 (78.74) | 194 (97.49) | |||
Predictors | |||||
Age (years) | Non-missing – mean ± 95% CI | 42.91 ± 1.74 | 50.25 ± 2.26 | < .001 | > .05 |
Missing – n (%) | 8 (1.44) | 0 (0.00) | |||
Sex | Female – n (%) | 279 (50.27) | 90 (45.23) | > .05 | > .05 |
Male – n (%) | 268 (48.29) | 109 (54.77) | |||
Missing – n (%) | 8 (1.44) | 0 (0.00) | |||
Loss of smell | No – n (%) | 318 (57.30) | 199 (100) | > .05 | > .05 |
Yes – n (%) | 58 (10.45) | 0 (0.00) | |||
Missing – n (%) | 179 (32.25) | 0 (0.00) | |||
Loss of taste | No – n (%) | 295 (53.15) | 198 (99.50) | .031 | > .05 |
Yes – n (%) | 14 (2.52) | 1 (0.50) | |||
Missing – n (%) | 246 (44.33) | 0 (0.00) | |||
Cough | No – n (%) | 158 (28.47) | 183 (91.96) | < .001 | > .05 |
Yes – n (%) | 367 (66.13) | 16 (8.04) | |||
Missing – n (%) | 30 (5.40) | 0 (0.00) | |||
Fatigue | No – n (%) | 212 (38.20) | 139 (69.85) | .015 | > .05 |
Yes – n (%) | 145 (26.13) | 60 (30.15) | |||
Missing – n (%) | 198 (35.67) | 0 (0.00) | |||
Skipped meals | No – n (%) | 274 (49.37) | 174 (87.44) | .048 | < .001 |
Yes – n (%) | 61 (10.99) | 23 (11.56) | |||
Missing – n (%) | 220 (39.64) | 2 (1.00) | |||