Fig. 1

Map of Ghana showing topography and sampling. In the northern area, there were a total of N = 72 samples, with 64% (46) representing the wild type (WT) and 36% (25) corresponding to mutants (MT). Among the mutants, 68% were classified as synonymous, while 32% were categorized as non-synonymous. In the central region, there were N = 59 samples, of which 75% (44) were WT and 25% (15) were MT. Among the mutations observed, 75% were non-synonymous, whereas 25% were synonymous. Lastly, in the southern region, there were N = 41 samples, with 49% (20) being WT and 51% (21) being MT. Regarding the mutations in this area, 67% were synonymous, and 33% were non-synonymous. Samples with no mutations are represented in blue, samples with synonymous mutations in Grey and non-synonymous mutations in orange. The difference in size of the pie charts is proportional to the sample size