Table 2 The subgroup analysis for cross-sectional studies

Population

 Contacts

5

7065

1.26 (1.07–1.50)

28

0.866

 Immigrants or refugees

3

5275

1.44 (1.01–2.06)

69

0.861

 Immunosuppressed patients

2

4858

0.84 (0.50–1.40)

0

0.127

 Others

3

5386

1.15 (1.00–1.34)

0

0.400

 Community residents

6

27,294

1.31 (0.09–1.58)

52

Ref

Study region

 Europe

3

14,273

1.15 (1.03–1.29)

0

0.5702

 North America

7

36,633

1.41 (1.11–1.77)

57

0.4662

 Asia

9

16,446

1.22 (1.11–1.34)

17

Ref

DM diagnostics

 Self-report

6

19,705

1.17 (1.06–1.28)

0

0.0238

 Others

8

37,664

1.21 (1.09–1.35)

25

0.0456

 HbA1c

5

9983

1.56 (1.24–1.96)

41

Ref

LTBI diagnostics

 TST

4

5666

1.17 (1.04–1.32)

0

0.6171

 TST and/or IGRA

4

30,201

1.39 (1.08–1.80)

52

0.5118

 IGRA

11

31,485

1.24 (1.10–1.40)

40

Ref

LTBI prevalence

 ≥ 30%

6

33,135

1.17 (1.06–1.28)

0

0.2687

 < 30%

13

34,217

1.31 (1.15–1.49)

38

Ref

TB burden^a

 0–30 per 100,000

9

50,520

1.26 (1.11–1.45)

49

0.5536

 30–100 per 100,000

8

15,068

1.19 (1.06–1.34)

0

0.4116

 > 100 per 100,000

2

1764

1.38 (0.98–1.95)

65

Ref

Risk of bias

 Moderate

3

8227

1.17 (1.01–1.37)

19

0.6465

 Low

16

59,125

1.24 (1.14–1.35)

34

Ref