Table 1 Characteristics of 22 observational studies in the review
From: Diabetes mellitus and latent tuberculosis infection: an updated meta-analysis and systematic review
Author and year | Study Type | Country | Study population (n) | Exclusion of active TB | LTBI prevalence (%) | DM prevalence (%) | Age (mean/ median) | LTBI diagnosis | DM diagnosis | aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arnedo-Pena 2015 [17] | Cohort | Spain | Contacts (198) | Yes | 9.1 | 2.0 | 37.5 ± 12.9 | IGRA and TST | Unclear | aRR 4.40 (0.50–38.55) |
Khawcharoenporn 2015 [18] | Cohort | Taiwan, China | HIV-positive (150) | Yes | 24.0 | 4.0 | 40 (17–65) | IGRA | Interview and medical records | aRR 1.52 (0.38–3.24) |
Wang 2012 [19] | Cohort | Taiwan, China | Household contacts (583) | Yes | 30.2 | 2.9 | Mean: 44.7 | IGRA | Self-report | aRR 1.01 (0.44–1.84) |
Alvarez 2014 [20] | Cross-sectional | Canada | Household contacts (185) | Yes | 17.3 | 2.7 | 25 (1–85) | TST | Unclear | 0.23 (0.02–2.65) |
Arnedo-Pena 2015 [17] | Cross-sectional | Spain | Contacts (386) | Yes | 23.3 | 3.6 | 35.4 ± 9.8 | IGRA and TST | Unclear | 1.71 (0.48–6.08) |
Barron 2018 [21] | Cross-sectional | USA | Community residents (4958) | Yes | 4.4 | 11.4 | Unkonwn, age ≥ 20 | IGRA | HbA1c | 1.90 (1.15–3.14) |
Bennet 2013 [22] | Cross-sectional | USA | Immigrants (4187) | Yes | 19.7 | 4.2 | Mean: 31.0 | TST or IGRA | Self-report | 1.58 (1.13–2.20) |
Chan-Yeung 2006 [23] | Cross-sectional | China | Old age home residents (3605) | No | 46.3 | 22.4 | 82.4 ± 8.3 | TST | Medical records | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) |
Hensel 2015 [24] | Cross-sectional | USA | Refugees (702) | Yes | 31.5 | 7.7 | Mean: 36.1 (26.6–42.3) | IGRA | HbA1c | 2.27 (1.15–4.48) |
Jackson 2013 [25] | Cross-sectional | UK | Contacts (4730) | Yes | 29.3 | 6.0 | Unknown, age ≥ 16 | IGRA | Self-report | 1.15 (0.88–1.50) |
Jackson 2019 [26] | Cross-sectional | UK | Community residents (9157) | Yes | 27.7 | 8.3 | NS | IGRA | Self-report | 1.15 (1.02–1.30) |
Koesoemadinata 2017 [27] | Cross-sectional | Indonesia | Household contacts (651) | No | NS | 50.0 | NS | IGRA | Interview and medical records | 1.71 (1.19–2.45) |
Kubiak 2019 [28] | Cross-sectional | India | Household contacts (1113) | Yes | 54.4 | 6.2 | 36.8 ± 14.4 | TST | Self-report | 1.20 (0.99–1.45) |
Lee 2010 [29] | Cross-sectional | Taiwan, China | Hemodialysis patients (83) | Yes | 38.6 | 26.5 | 58.3 ± 14.9 | IGRA | Self-report | 0.58 (0.15–2.21) |
Lin 2019 [30] | Cross-sectional | Taiwan, China | Community residents (3401) | Yes | 19.6 | 86.7 | 61.5 ± 9.3 | IGRA and TST | HbA1c | 1.67 (1.18–2.38) |
Liu 2020 [31] | Cross-sectional | China | Community residents (5405) | Yes | 37.8 | 5.6 | 50 (40–61) | IGRA | Fasting blood glucose test | 1.16 (0.88–1.51) |
Martinez 2017 [32] | Cross-sectional | USA | Community residents (4215) | Yes | 3.34 | 18.4 | NS | IGRA | Self-report | 1.50 (1.00–2.20) |
Salindri 2021 [33] | Cross-sectional | USA | Community residents (132) | Yes | 10.6 | 74.2 | 54 (49–60) | IGRA | HbA1c | 0.45 (0.13–1.71) |
Shu 2012 [34] | Cross-sectional | Taiwan, China | End-stage renal disease (407) | Yes | 22.4 | 25.1 | 61.1 ± 13.1 | IGRA | Self-report | 0.89 (0.51–1.56) |
Suwanpimolkul 2014 [35] | Cross-sectional | USA | Immigrants (22,227) | Yes | 80.3 | 6.1 | NS | TST or IGRA | Medical records | 1.13 (0.97–1.33) |
Swarna Nantha 2017 [36] | Cross-sectional | Malaysia | Non-communicable disease patients (763) | Yes | 28.8 | 52.9 | 62.3 ± 10.0 | TST | HbA1c | 1.23 (0.81–1.86) |
Ting 2014 [37] | Cross-sectional | Taiwan, China | High-risk (1018)a | Yes | 29.1 | 14.4 | Mean: 59.0 | IGRA | Interview and medical records | 1.11 (0.75–1.63) |