Table 1 Descriptive Statistics (including median, min–max for \({R}_{t}\) and median and IQR for influenza rate, ILI + counts, O₃, daily temperature, and humidity) across eight provinces in northern and southern China from 2013 to 2018

Northern China

Beijing

1.0 (0.8,2.0)

0.3 (0.1,1.2)

32.0 (11.0,116.0)

82.9 (54.0,123.4)

13.6 (1.9,23.4)

48.7 (32.1,67.0)

5.1 (2.2,12.2)

Tianjin

1.0 (0.7,1.6)

0.2 (0.0,0.8)

18.0 (3.0,82.0)

80.0 (49.4,123.0)

14.1 (2.5,24.1)

52.5 (37.2,67.5)

5.6 (2.8,12.7)

Gansu

1.0 (0.7,1.5)

0.0 (0.0,0.3)

4.0 (1.0,25.0)

95.4 (76.3,109.1)

10.8 (2.2,18.3)

54.2 (39.2,71.3)

5.5 (2.5,9.7)

Liaoning

1.0 (0.7,1.5)

0.1 (0.0,0.5)

13.0 (2.0,52.0)

83.2 (60.7,109.9)

10.5 (-2.1,20.8)

58.0 (46.8,69.9)

5.0 (2.3,11.7)

Southern China

Shanghai

1.0 (0.7,1.4)

0.2 (0.1,0.6)

20.0 (7.0,57.0)

96.0 (72.8,124.2)

18.1 (9.4,24.5)

69.2 (59.4,79.1)

10.4 (6.1,17.1)

Jiangsu

1.0 (0.8,1.4)

0.3 (0.2,0.8)

34.0 (16.0,77.0)

91.1 (68.2,118.0)

16.0 (7.0,23.5)

70.7 (58.9,80.4)

8.7 (4.9,15.6)

Guangdong

1.0 (0.8,1.3)

0.3 (0.2,0.7)

33.0 (15.0,74.0)

80.1 (64.4,100.3)

23.5 (17.5,27.7)

76.2 (68.2,83.2)

16.2 (10.5,21.9)

Hunan

1.0 (0.8,1.5)

0.3 (0.1,0.7)

29.0 (12.0,70.0)

77.5 (62.3,93.9)

17.4 (9.6,24.1)

75.4 (63.9,84.4)

10.7 (6.4,17.2)