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Table 2 Association between patient’s characteristics and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV), N = 7,463a

From: Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection and linkage to care among patients with Non-Communicable Diseases in three rural Rwandan districts: a retrospective cross-sectional study

Variable

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

HBsAg positive

HBsAg Negative

 

Adjusted Odds Ratiob

Anti-HCV positive

Anti-HCV negative

 

Adjusted Odds Ratiob

N

%

N

%

p-value

OR

95% CI

p-value

N

%

N

%

p-value

OR

95% CI

p-value

District (n = 7,461)

 

0.515

0.455

 

0.711

  

0.147

 Butaro

70

1.9%

3,689

98.1%

 

ref

---

---

235

6.3

3,505

93.7

 

ref

---

---

 Kayonza

20

1.4%

1409

98.6%

0.7

(0.4, 1.2)

---

90

6.2

1,357

93.8

1.1

(0.9, 1.5)

---

 Kirehe

41

1.8%

2232

98.2%

0.9

(0.6, 1.4)

---

154

6.8

2,120

93.2

1.2

(1.0, 1.5)

---

Age

 

0.145

0.165

 

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  <  = 39

13

2.4%

527

97.6%

 

ref

---

---

5

0.9

535

99.1

 

ref

---

---

 40 to 49

23

2.5%

907

97.5%

1

(0.5, 2.1)

---

11

1.2

925

98.8

1.3

(0.4, 3.7)

---

 50 to 59

30

2.0%

1502

98.0%

0.8

(0.4, 1.60

---

39

2.5

1,496

97.5

2.8

(1.1, 7.2)

---

 60 to 69

31

1.4%

2169

98.6%

0.6

(0.3, 1.1)

---

134

6.1

2,068

93.9

7

(2.8, 17.1)

---

  >  = 70

34

1.5%

2227

98.5%

0.6

(0.3, 1.2)

---

290

12.9

1,960

87.1

16

(6.5, 38.8)

---

Sex

 

0.031

0.033

 

0.233

  

0.216

 Female

93

1.6%

5786

98.4%

 

ref

---

---

367

6.2

5.512

93.8

 

ref

---

---

 Male

38

2.4%

1546

97.6%

1.5

(1.0, 2.2)

---

112

7.1

1,472

92.9

1.2

(0.9, 1.4)

–-

Marital status (n = 7,438)

 

0.207

  

0.774

 

 < 0.001

  

0.460

 Single

6

2.9%

202

97.1%

 

ref

---

---

5

2.4

202

97.6

 

ref

---

---

 Married/Cohabitating

89

1.9%

4582

98.1%

0.7

(0.3, 1.7)

---

261

5.6

4,410

94.4

1.6

(0.6, 3.9)

---

 Widowed

33

1.4%

2364

98.6%

0.6

(0.2, 1.7)

---

205

8.6

2,190

91.4

1.5

(0.6, 3.9)

---

 Divorced

2

1.2%

160

98.8%

0.5

(0.1, 2.5)

---

5

3.0

160

97.0

0.8

(0.2, 3.0)

---

Insurance (n = 7,439)

 

0.869

0.355

 

0.011

  

0.114

 Mutuelle

129

1.8%

7151

98.2%

 

ref

---

---

452

6.22

6,815

93.8

 

ref

---

---

 Private insurance

1

0.9%

116

99.2%

0.4

(0.1, 2.8)

---

2

1.74

113

98.3

0.5

(0.1, 2.0)

---

 No insurance

0

100.0%

42

100.0%

–

---

-4

6

14.6

35

85.4

2.3

(0.9, 5.6)

---

Ubudehe (n = 7197)

 

0.779

0.756

 

 < 0.001

  

0.0868

 Category 1

32

1.7%

1814

98.3%

 

ref

---

---

167

9.0

1,680

91.0

 

ref

---

---

 Category 2

40

1.6%

2478

98.4%

0.8

(0.5, 1.3)

---

153

6.1

2,363

93.9

0.9

(0.7, 1.1)

---

 Category 3 & 4

56

1.8%

2994

98.2%

0.9

(0.6, 1.5)

---

153

5.0

2,894

95.0

0.8

(0.6, 1.0)

---

Education (n = 7660)

 

0.831

0.249

 

 < 0.001

  

0.061

 Less than primary

96

1.6%

5869

98.4%

 

ref

---

---

356

6.0

5,595

94.0

 

ref

---

---

 Primary or higher

21

1.5%

1352

98.5%

0.7

(0.5, 1.2)

---

34

2.5

1,338

97.5

0.7

(0.5, 1.0)

---

Hypertension

    

0.264

0.741

 

 < 0.001

  

0.358

 No

31

2.1

1,447

97.9

 

ref

---

---

63

4.3

1,417

95.7

 

ref

---

---

 Yes

100

1.7

5,885

98.3

0.9

(0.6, 1.4)

–-

416

7.0

5,567

93.1

1.1

(0.9, 1.5)

---

Chronic respiratory/asthma

 

0.267

0.537

 

0.27

  

0.636

 No

108

1.7

6,295

98.3

 

ref

---

---

419

6.6

5,982

93.5

 

ref

---

---

 Yes

23

2.2

1,037

97.8

1.2

(0.7, 1.8)

---

60

5.7

1,002

94.4

1.1

(0.8, 1.4)

---

Diabetes

 

0.073

0.183

 

0.22

  

0.658

 No

117

1.7

6,840

98.3

 

ref

---

---

453

6.5

6,503

93.5

 

ref

---

---

 Yes

14

2.8

492

97.2

1.5

(0.8, 2.6)

---

26

5.1

481

94.9

1.1

(0.7, 1.7)

---

Heart Failure

 

0.25

0.304

 

0.547

  

0.512

 No

125

1.7

7,121

98.3

 

ref

---

---

463

6.4

6,784

93.6

 

ref

---

---

 Yes

6

2.8

211

97.2

1.5

(0.7, 3.6)

---

16

7.4

200

92.6

1.2

(0.7, 2.0)

–-

Oncology

 

 > 0.99

0.534

 

0.004

  

0.082

 No

129

1.77

7,178

98.2

 

ref

---

---

477

6.5

6,831

93.5

 

ref

---

---

 Yes

2

1.28

154

98.7

0.6

(0.2, 2.6)

---

2

1.3

153

98.7

0.3

(0.1, 1.2)

---

Kidney Disease

 

0.627

  

0.784

  

0.786

 No

131

1.8

7,276

98.2

 

ref

---

---

475

6.4

6,931

93.6

 

ref

---

---

 Yes

0

0

56

100

---c

---

---

4

7.0

53

93.0

1.2

(0.4, 3.3)

---

Self-reported prior screened for Hep B or Hep C (n = 7,330)

 

0.271

0.346

 

0.191

0.602

 No

59

1.5

3,909

98.5

 

ref

---

---

255

6.4

3,708

93.6

 

ref

---

---

 Yes

61

1.8

3,301

98.2

1.2

(0.8, 1.7)

---

191

5.7

3,160

94.3

1.1

(0.9, 1.3)

---

  1. aSample size unless otherwise indicated. Excludes 140 participants who are missing data on rapid diagnostic test for hepatitis B, and hepatitis C viral load, age, or sex
  2. bOdds ratio estimated from a logistic regression that includes age and sex
  3. cOdds ratio not estimated due to lack of cases among those with kidney disease
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BMC Infectious Diseases

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