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Table 2 Factors associated with anemia among HIV-infected patients after ART initiation

From: The burden of anemia among Chinese HIV-infected patients following the initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the treat-all era: a nationwide cohort study

 

Number of

Hb tests

Anemia (%)

Unadjusted OR (95%CI )

P value

Adjusted OR (95%CI )

P value

Overall

955,300

141,253

    

Baseline anemia

      

 No

700,053

46,759 (6.68)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

255,247

94,494 (37.02)

8.45 (8.31,8.59)

< 0.001

6.80 (6.67,6.92)

< 0.001

Age, years

      

 15–24

109,410

7037 (6.43)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 25–49

516,026

56,501 (10.95)

1.81 (1.75,1.88)

< 0.001

1.15 (1.11,1.20)

< 0.001

 ≥ 50

329,864

77,715 (23.56)

4.57 (4.42,4.73)

< 0.001

1.77 (1.71,1.84)

< 0.001

Sex

      

 Male

732,645

86,778 (11.84)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Female

222,655

54,475 (24.47)

2.23 (2.20,2.27)

< 0.001

1.70 (1.67,1.73)

< 0.001

Route of HIV transmission

      

 Homosexual contact

270,000

13,863 (5.13)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Heterosexual contact

656,926

123,550 (18.81)

4.12 (4.02,4.22)

< 0.001

1.84 (1.79,1.89)

< 0.001

 Injecting drug use

26,610

3530 (13.27)

2.69 (2.56,2.83)

< 0.001

2.00 (1.89,2.11)

< 0.001

 Others/Missing

1764

310 (17.57)

3.81 (3.25,4.47)

< 0.001

1.71 (1.42,2.06)

< 0.001

Baseline BMI, kg/m2

      

 ≥ 25

119,223

12,105 (10.15)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 18.5–24.9

559,317

81,301 (14.54)

1.53 (1.49,1.58)

< 0.001

1.18 (1.15,1.22)

< 0.001

 < 18.5

96,557

20,462 (21.19)

2.52 (2.44,2.61)

< 0.001

1.34 (1.29,1.39)

< 0.001

 Missing

180,203

27,385 (15.2)

1.65 (1.60,1.71)

< 0.001

1.21 (1.17,1.25)

< 0.001

Baseline eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2

      

 ≥ 90

711,067

90,092 (12.67)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 60–89

171,379

34,344 (20.04)

1.72 (1.69,1.76)

< 0.001

1.26 (1.23,1.29)

< 0.001

 < 60

21,364

9067 (42.44)

5.19 (5.00,5.40)

< 0.001

2.23 (2.13,2.33)

< 0.001

 Missing

51,490

7750 (15.05)

1.28 (1.23,1.32)

< 0.001

1.09 (1.05,1.13)

< 0.001

Baseline OIs

      

 No

872,116

123,627 (14.18)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

83,184

17,626 (21.19)

1.69 (1.65,1.73)

< 0.001

0.78 (0.76,0.80)

< 0.001

CD4+T cell count, cells/μLa

      

 ≥ 500

256,608

24,155 (9.41)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 350–499

176,279

21,825 (12.38)

1.19 (1.17,1.21)

< 0.001

1.03 (1.01,1.05)

0.001

 200–349

178,721

29,851 (16.7)

1.50 (1.47,1.52)

< 0.001

1.09 (1.07,1.11)

< 0.001

 < 200

104,791

26,370 (25.16)

2.22 (2.18,2.26)

< 0.001

1.36 (1.33,1.39)

< 0.001

 Missing

238,901

39,052 (16.35)

1.42 (1.41,1.44)

< 0.001

1.16 (1.13,1.19)

< 0.001

Viral load, copies/mLa

      

 < 50

606,023

80,574 (13.3)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 50–999

52,158

8975 (17.21)

1.20 (1.17,1.22)

< 0.001

1.02 (1,00,1.05)

0.060

 1000–99,999

26,921

5726 (21.27)

1.31 (1.27,1.35)

< 0.001

1.22 (1.18,1.26)

< 0.001

 ≥ 100,000

7057

2758 (39.08)

2.26 (2.13,2.39)

< 0.001

1.97 (1.86,2.10)

< 0.001

 Missing

263,141

43,220 (16.42)

1.11 (1.10,1.12)

< 0.001

1.23 (1.20,1.25)

< 0.001

NRTI Backbonea

      

 TDF

121,625

26,785 (22.02)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 AZT

788,969

104,017 (13.18)

1.91 (1.87,1.95)

< 0.001

2.25 (2.19,2.30)

< 0.001

 ABC

9955

2868 (28.81)

2.21 (2.08,2.34)

< 0.001

1.47 (1.37,1.57)

< 0.001

 TAF

17,864

1354 (7.58)

0.68 (0.65,0.71)

< 0.001

1.01 (0.94,1.09)

0.782

 Abnormal prescription/Missing

16,887

6229 (36.89)

2.52 (2.42,2.62)

< 0.001

1.72 (1.63,1.81)

< 0.001

ART regimena

      

 NNRTI-based

808,893

110,079 (13.61)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 PI-based

102,599

25,931 (25.27)

1.88 (1.84,1.92)

< 0.001

1.43 (1.39,1.46)

< 0.001

 INSTI-based

39,463

4157 (10.53)

0.85 (0.82,0.88)

< 0.001

0.78 (0.74,0.83)

< 0.001

 Abnormal prescription/Missing

4345

1086 (24.99)

1.78 (1.65,1.91)

< 0.001

1.20 (1.10,1.31)

< 0.001

Duration of ART, yeara

      

 4–5

32,522

4119 (12.67)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 3–4

95,379

12,007 (12.59)

1.01 (0.98,1.03)

0.496

1.15 (1.11,1.19)

< 0.001

 2–3

192,265

25,814 (13.43)

1.07 (1.04,1.09)

< 0.001

1.31 (1.27,1.35)

< 0.001

 1–2

289,096

40,611 (14.05)

1.10 (1.07,1.13)

< 0.001

1.42 (1.37,1.46)

< 0.001

 0–1

346,038

58,702 (16.96)

1.31 (1.27,1.34)

< 0.001

1.81 (1.75,1.88)

< 0.001

  1. a CD4+ T cell count, viral load, NRTI backbone, ART regimen and duration after ART were time-updated variables
  2. Abbreviation: ART, antiretroviral therapy; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; OIs, opportunistic infections; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; AZT, zidovudine; ABC, abacavir; TAF, tenofovir alafenamide; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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