Table 2 Odds ratios of the risk of stroke in PLWH in Taiwan

HZ

 No

4,532 (89.04%)

426 (83.69%)

Reference

Reference

 Yes

558 (10.96%)

83 (16.31%)

1.58 (1.23–2.03)

 < 0.001

1.85 (1.41–2.41)

 < 0.001

Sex

 Female

419 (8.23%)

46 (9.04%)

Reference

Reference

 Male

4,671 (91.77%)

463 (90.96%)

0.90 (0.66–1.24)

0.53

0.91 (0.65–1.27)

0.59

Age

 18–34

805 (15.82%)

80 (15.72%)

Reference

Reference

 35–44

1,591 (31.26%)

159 (31.24%)

1.01 (0.76–1.33)

0.96

0.76 (0.56–1.02)

0.003

 45–54

1,644 (32.29%)

160 (31.43%)

0.98 (0.74–1.30)

0.72

0.54 (0.39–0.73)

0.45

 55–64

787 (15.46%)

84 (16.50%)

1.07 (0.78–1.48)

0.56

0.44 (0.30–0.63)

0.02

  ≥ 65

263 (5.17%)

26 (5.11%)

0.99 (0.63–1.58)

0.93

0.35 (0.21–0.58)

0.007

Geographic area

 North

2,773 (54.48%)

236 (46.37%)

Reference

Reference

 Central

985 (19.35%)

112 (22.00%)

1.34 (1.05–1.69)

0.04

0.92 (0.81–1.33)

0.24

 South

1,248 (24.52%)

158 (31.04%)

1.49 (1.20–1.84)

0.007

1.24 (0.99–1.55)

0.02

 East

84 (1.65%)

3 (0.59%)

0.46 (0.13–1.34)

0.06

0.38 (0.12–1.30)

0.1

Monthly income, USD

  < 660.50

2,368 (46.52%)

333 (65.42%)

Reference

Reference

660.50–1321.00

1,840 (36.15%)

148 (29.08%)

0.57 (0.47–0.70)

0.16

0.56 (0.45–0.70)

0.3

  > 1321.04

882 (17.33%)

28 (5.50%)

0.23 (0.15–0.33)

 < 0.001

0.24 (0.16–0.36)

 < 0.001

Comorbidity

 Alcohol-related illness

  No

5,012 (98.47%)

494 (97.05%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

78 (1.53%)

15 (2.95%)

1.95 (1.11–3.42)

0.02

1.30 (0.72–2.36)

0.39

 Hypertension

  No

3,752 (73.71%)

236 (46.37%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

1,338 (26.29%)

273 (53.63%)

3.24 (2.70–3.90)

 < 0.001

3.53 (2.86–4.34)

 < 0.001

 Diabetes mellitus

  No

4,798 (94.26%)

469 (92.14%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

292 (5.74%)

40 (7.86%)

1.40 (0.99–1.98)

0.05

0.72 (0.49–1.08)

0.11

 Hyperlipidemia

 No

3,899 (76.60%)

357 (70.14%)

Reference

Reference

 Yes

1,191 (23.40%)

152 (29.86%)

1.39 (1.14–1.70)

0.001

1.41 (1.12–1.78)

0.003

 PAOD

  No

5,076 (99.72%)

504 (99.02%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

14 (0.28%)

5 (0.98%)

3.60 (1.29–10.04)

0.01

2.61 (0.83–8.17)

0.1

 Coronary artery disease

  No

4,996 (98.15%)

494 (97.05%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

94 (1.85%)

15 (2.95%)

1.61 (0.93–2.80)

0.09

1.12 (0.60–2.09)

0.72

 Heart disease

  No

5,626 (97.60%)

468 (91.94%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

122 (2.40%)

41 (8.06%)

3.57 (2.47–5.15)

 < 0.001

2.32 (1.54–3.48)

 < 0.001

 Chronic kidney disease

  No

4,957 (97.39%)

476 (93.52%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

133 (2.61%)

33 (6.48%)

2.58 (1.75–3.83)

 < 0.001

1.82 (1.16–2.85)

0.01

 HBV

  No

4,193 (82.38%)

409 (80.35%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

897 (17.62%)

100 (19.65%)

1.14 (0.91–1.44)

0.26

1.06 (0.83–1.36)

0.63

 HCV

  No

3,493 (68.62%)

279 (54.81%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

1,597 (31.38%)

230 (45.19%)

1.80 (1.50–2.17)

 < 0.001

1.49 (1.22–1.83)

 < 0.001

ART regimen

 Only NRTIs

  No

4,212 (82.75%)

421 (82.71%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

878 (17.25%)

88 (17.29%)

1.00 (0.79–1.28)

0.98

0.99 (0.74–1.31)

0.93

 Only NNRTIs

  No

4,967 (97.97%)

492 (96.66%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

123 (2.03%)

17 (3.34%)

1.40 (0.83–2.34)

0.2

1.25 (0.68–2.29)

0.47

 Only PIs

  No

4,181 (82.14%)

393 (77.21%)

Reference

Reference

  Yes

889 (17.86%)

116 (22.79)

1.40 (1.12–1.74)

0.003

1.33 (1.05–1.69)

0.02