Table 1 Observational and case report studies related to overdiagnosis
From: Diagnosis and treatment of “chronic Lyme”: primum non nocere
Type of study | Lead author Year Reference | Country | Population | Overdiagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Observational studies | Haddad E (2019) [10] Haddad E (2019) [11] Itani O (2020) [12] | France France France | 301 patients PTLDS 4 weeks 1 center Male: 60,8% Median age: 50 12–85 years old 1000 patients 3 centers Male: 50% Nancy: Median age: 51 7–86 years old 15 patients 6 months Male: 4/15 Median age: 44 15–89 years old | Overdiagnosis = 80.7% (n = 243) differential diagnosis: psychiatric (depression, post-traumatic stress, burnout syndromes, etc.) 25.2% (n = 76 ) rheumatological (osteoarthritis, scoliosis) 15.9% (n = 48) neurological (Parkinson and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)12.3% (n = 37) OSA 4.9% (n = 15) No diagnosis 6.6% (n = 20) Overdiagnosis: 90.4, 88, 85% differential diagnoses: psychiatric 25, 19 and 13% rheumatological 16, 14 and 32% neurological 12, 6 and 5% no diagnosis 6, 29 and 26% Overdiagnosis: 100% (n = 15) differential diagnosis: psychiatric FSS 60% (n =9) neurological 20% (n =3), 1 OSA |
Kobayashi Y (2019) [20] | United States | 1261 patients Male 39,2% > 12 years old Median age: 46,7 | Overdiagnosis: 84.1% (n = 1061) | |
Case report | Peri F (2019) [22] | Italy | 7 children Male: 3 12–17 years old | Overdiagnosis: 100% (n = 7) differential diagnosis: psychiatric (n = 6) viral infection (n = 1- |
Strizova Z (2018) [23] | Czech Republic | a 37-year-old Female systemic lupus erythematosus | Attribution to Lyme long-term tetracycline Death of multi-organ failure | |
Nelson C (2015) [25] | United States | 3 patients PTLDS Male: 3 30-30-50 years old ATX treatment (tetracyclines, clarithromycin and hydroxychloroquine) | diagnostic delay pituitary tumor Hodgkin’s lymphoma stage 4 lung cancer | |
Di Battista ME (2018) [26] | Italy | 61-year-old woman patient: doxycycline (21 days and 14 days) | diagnostic delay (4 years) frontotemporal dementia |