Fig. 2

Comparative concentrations of circulating cytokines. Circulating cytokines were measured before start of hemodialysis, after the end of hemodialysis and in the dialysate of patients on maintenance hemodialysis with COVID-19 and matched comparators. Line represents the median of the distribution. Comparisons between patients and comparators are shown: ns, non-significant; *p < 0.05; ****p < 0.0001. Abbreviations: IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MC, matched comparators; n, number of patients; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor