Table 3 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
First author | Country | Enrollment time | Published time | Type of study | Number of Hp + patients | Mean age in Hp + patients | Detection method of Hp | Number of patients with cancer | Sort (name) of cancer | Diagnosis method of GC | Prevalence (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masoumi Asl et al. [95] | Iran | March- September 2019 | 2020 | HBS | 74 | 53.45 | UT, Histology, PCR | 24 | GC | Endoscopy, Histopathology | 32.43 (22 to 44.32) |
Khan et al. [96] | Pakistan | 2005–2008 | 2013 | CS | 201 | 38 | PCR | 5 | GC | Clinical diagnosis, endoscopic, histology | 2.49 (0.81 to 5.71) |
Santos et al. [97] | Brazil | - | 2012 | CS | 176 | 59.2 | RUT, histology, PCR | 64 | GC | Histopathological | 36.36 (29.26 to 43.94) |
GholizadeTobnagh et al. [98] | Iran | 2007–2014 | 2017 | CS | 211 | 26.56 | Culture, PCR, UT | 38 | Cardia cancer:14/38, non cardia cancer 23/38, cardia and non cardia GC:1/38; and intestinal type: 20/38 and diffuse type: 18/38 | Histopathological | 18.01 (13.07 to 23.87) |
Toyoda et al. [88] | Japan | 2004–2007 | 2012 | CS | 923 | 59.7 | ELISA | 8 | Adenocarcinoma | Histopathological | 0.87 (0.37 to 1.7) |
Thirunavukkarasu et al. [71] | India | 2011 | 2017 | CS | 62 | 39.68 | Culture, UT, salt tolerance | 19 | GC | - | 30.65 (19.56 to 43.65) |
Cremniter et al. [72] | France | 2011–2014 | 2018 | Prospective cohort | 183 | 56 | Culture, real-time PCR | 2 | 47:precancerous, 23:cancerous lesions, 3:atrophies, 19: metaplasias, 3:dysplasias, 2: gastric adenocarcinomas | Histopathological | 1.09 (0.13 to 3.89) |
Eun Bae et al. [73] | Korea | 2005–2016 | 2018 | Retrospective cohort | 19,754 | 48 | Serologic test | 106 | GC | Endoscopy | 0.54 (0.44 to 0.65) |
Bakhti et al. [74] | Iran | 2019–2020 | 2020 | CS | 290 | 46.52 | UT, Gram's stain, positive catalase, urease and oxidase tests, culture, histology, PCR | 89 | 89: GC, 38cardia GC, 47:non-cardia GC, 4: both the types of cardia GC and non-cardia GC. 57: intestinal- type adenocarcinoma, 25: diffuse-type adenocarcinomas, 7: other pathologic types of cancer | Endoscopic and histopathologic tests | 30.69 (25.43 to 36.35) |
Vannarath et al. [75] | Laos | 2010–2012 | 2014 | CS | 119 | 46 | RUT, PCR | 3 | GC | Histological | 2.52 (0.52 to 7.19) |
Wei et al. [99] | China | 2007–2008 | 2012 | CS | 197 | 49.67 | Histology, PCR | 53 | GC | Pathological | 26.9 (20.85 to 33.67) |
Dabiri et al. [100] | Iran | February—June 2014 | 2017 | CS | 160 | 45.5 | Culture, PCR | 15 | GC | - | 9.38 (5.34 to 14.99) |
Taghvaei et al. [76] | Iran | 2007–2010 | 2011 | CS | 140 | 41.5 | PCR, RUT | 32 | GC | Endoscopic and pathologic | 22.86 (16.19 to 30.71) |
Raza et al. [77] | Pakistan | 2020 | PCS | 147 | - | PCR | 34 | GC | HE, modified Giemsa stain | 23.13 (16.58 to 30.79) | |
Wang et al. [78] | China | May- September 2010 | 2014 | CS | 80 | - | RUT, Geimsa staining | 10 | GC | IHC | 12.5 (6.16 to 21.79) |
Dadashzadeh et al. [19] | Iran | 2016 | 2017 | PCS | 109 | 39 | Culture, PCR | 9 | GC | - | 8.26 (3.85 to 15.1) |
Yakoob et al. [20] | Pakistan | 2013–2014 | 2016 | CS | 309 | 45 | RUT, histology, PCR Culture | 54 | GC | Histopathology | 17.48 (13.41 to 22.18) |
Sonnenberg et al. [101] | USA | 2008–2011 | 2013 | PCS | 16,759 | 59.2 | IHC | 172 | Adenocarcinoma | Colonoscopy and EGD histopathological analysis: | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.19) |
Yang et al. [21] | China | 2015–2017 | 2018 | CS | 59 | 58.9 | UBT, IHC | 9 | GC | Biopsy | 15.25 (7.22 to 26.99) |
Vinagre et al. [102] | Brazil | 2013–2014 | 2015 | HBS | 506 | PCR | 145 | GC | Histopathological analysis: HE staining | 28.66 (24.75 to 32.81) | |
Li et al. [22] | China | - | 2020 | PCS | 160 | 53.2 | RUT, IHC | 75 | Adenocarcinoma | Histopathological | 46.88 (38.95 to 54.92) |
Gucin et al. [103] | Turkey | 2007–2011 | 2013 | CS | 66 | - | RUT, PCR | 35 | GC | IHC analysis, apoptosis assays, TUNEL assay Histopathology | 53.03 (40.34 to 65.44) |
Pandey et al. [23] | India | - | 2014 | PCS | 543 | RUT, Histology | 10 | GC | - | 1.84 (0.89 to 3.36) | |
Shrestha et al. [89] | Nepal | 2011- 2013 | 2014 | CS | 155 | 44.7 | HE, Geimsa staining | 3 | GC | Endoscopy | 1.94 (0.4 to 5.55) |
Sheikhani et al. [104] | Iraq | 2007–2008 | 2010 | PCS | 54 | 43.22 | HE staining, Modified Giemsa stain, ELISA | 6 | GC | Histopathology | 11.11 (4.19 to 22.63) |
Ouyang et al. [24] | China | 2007–2012 | 2021 | CS | 79 | - | RUT, Giemsa staining | 22 | GC | Pathology findings | 27.85 (18.35 to 39.07) |
Leylabadlo et al. [105] | Iran | - | 2016 | PCS | 88 | - | Culture, PCR | 26 | GC | Endoscopic and pathology | 29.55 (20.29 to 40.22) |
Alaoui Boukhris et al. [25] | Morocco | 2009—2013 | 2013 | PCS | 478 | - | PCR | 25 | Signet ring cell carcinoma (20/48), adenocarcinoma (18/48), MALT lymphoma (10/48) | Histopathology | 5.23 (3.41 to 7.62) |
Khamis et al. [106] | Iraq | - | 2018 | PCS | 194 | 48 | RUT, culture, histology examination, PCR | 77 | GC | Endoscopy | 39.69 (32.75 to 46.95) |
Gunaletchumy et al. [26] | Malaysia | - | 2014 | PCS | 27 | - | - | 4 | GC | Endoscopic and histological examinations | 14.81 (4.19 to 33.73) |
Doorakkers et al. [107] | Sweden | 2005 -2012 | 2018 | Cohort | 95,176 | 60.1 | - | 75 | Gastric adenocarcinoma: 75 Non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma: 69 Cardia adenocarcinoma: 6 | - | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.1) |
Horie et al. [108] | Japan | 2005–2018 | 2020 | Retrospective | 1300 | 58.3 | - | 37 | GC | - | 2.85 (2.01 to 3.9) |
Kim et al. [109] | Korea | February 2006 and July 2015 | 2020 | CS | 137 | 54.9 | Giemsa staining, CLO test, culturing, serology | 69 | GC | - | 50.36 (41.7 to 59.01) |
Shukla et al. [110] | India | 2007& 2010 | 2012 | CS | 105 | 46.34 | RUT, culture, histopathology, PCR | 24 | GC | Clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological examination | 22.86 (15.23 to 32.07) |
Cherati et al. [111] | Iran | Mar 2015 and September 2015 | 2017 | CS | 67 | 52.2 | PCR | 28 | GC | Histologically | 41.79 (29.85 to 54.48) |
El Khadir et al. [112] | Morocco | - | 2018 | 827 | PCR | 81 | GC | Histopathological examination | 9.79 (7.85 to 12.03) | ||
Raei et al. [27] | Iran | 2007 to 2014 | 2015 | CS | 242 | Culture, PCR | 42 | Cardia cancer:18/42 Non-cardia cancer:24/42 Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma:24/42 Diffuse-type adenocarcinoma:16/42 Invasive squamous cell-type carcinoma:1/42 Mucin producing-type adenocarcinoma:1/42 | Histopathological examination | 17.36 (12.8 to 22.73) | |
Abdi et al. [28] | Iran | 2012–2014 | 2016 | CS | 83 | 48.7 | PCR | 27 | GC | Histopathological | 32.53 (22.65 to 43.7) |
Ansari et al. [29] | Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal and Bangladesh | 2010–2014 | 2017 | PCS | 374 | 37.9 | PCR, histological | 5 | GC | Endoscopic examination/ histopathological method | 1.34 (0.44 to 3.09) |
Ortiz et al. [113] | USA | 2013 | 2019 | PCS | 116 | 52 | Culture, PCR | 23 | Adenocarcinoma Diffuse:10Intestinal:12 Mixed:1 | Histopathologic diagnoses | 19.83 (13 to 28.25) |
Mohammadi et al. [30] | Iran | - | 2019 | PCS | 120 | 52 | PCR | 11 | GC | Endoscopy | 9.17 (4.67 to 15.81) |
Yeh et al. [31] | Taiwan | - | 2019 | PCS | 164 | 59.2 | H&E, modified Giemsa stains, PCR, ELISA | 30 | GC | Histological | 18.29 (12.7 to 25.07) |
Sheu et al. [114] | Taiwan | - | 2012 | PCS | 92 | Histology, cultures | 20 | GC | Endoscopy with histological confirmation | 21.74 (13.81 to 31.56) | |
Yeh et al. [115] | Taiwan | 2009–2010 | 2011 | Prospective | 145 | 49.3 | Histology and cultures | 22 | GC | Endoscopy | 15.17 (9.76 to 22.07) |
Goudarzi et al. [116] | Iran | 2012- 2013 | 2015 | CS | 98 | 49 | Culture, RUT | 35 | GC | - | 35.71 (26.29 to 46.03) |
Phan et al. [117] | Vietnam | 2012–2014 | 2017 | PCS | 96 | 44.1 | Culture, PCR | 2 | GC | Histology | 2.08 (0.25 to 7.32) |
Al-Sabary et al. [118] | Iraq | Feb to Sep 2016 | 2017 | CS | 92 | - | Culture, PCR | 3 | GC | Endoscopy | 3.26 (0.68 to 9.23) |
Ranjbar et al. [119] | Iran | 2016-2017 | 2018 | CS | 526 | - | Cultured, histology | 4 | Gastric:4 | Endoscopy | 0.76 (0.21 to 1.94) |
Hernandez et al. [32] | Mexico | - | 2018 | PCS | 307 | - | ELISA | 87 | GC | Histology | 28.34 (23.37 to 33.74) |
Blanchard et al. [120] | Multi-country * | - | 2013 | PCS | 65 | - | - | 4 | GC | - | 6.15 (1.7 to 15.01) |
Zeng et al. [33] | China | 1994 and 2002 | 2011 | Cohort | 967 | - | ELISA, Serology | 160 | GC 109: intestinal, 104: diffuse, and 35: mixed type | Histopathologic diagnosis | 16.55 (14.26 to 19.04) |
Boonyanugomol et al. [34] | Thailand and Korea | - | 2020 | PCS | 170 | - | RUT-Culture -PCR | 40 | GC | Endoscopy | 23.53 (17.37 to 30.63) |
Ogawa et al. [121] | Japan | - | 2017 | PCS | 43 | - | Culture | 10 | GC | Endoscopy | 23.26 (11.76 to 38.63) |
Boonyanugomol et al. [122] | Thailand | - | 2019 | PCS | 80 | - | RUT, PCR | 10 | GC | Endoscopy | 12.5 (6.16 to 21.79) |
Ghoshal et al. [123] | India | - | 2014 | PCS | 68 | 54.3 | RUT, histology, ELISA | 21 | GC | Histology, Endoscopy, Surgery | 30.88 (20.24 to 43.26) |
Farzi et al. [124] | Iran | - | 2018 | PCS | 68 | 47 | Culture, PCR | 5 | GC | Endoscopic and pathological findings | 7.35 (2.43 to 16.33) |
Yadegar et al. [125] | Iran | 2011–2012 | 2019 | CS | 61 | 36 | Culture, PCR | 5 | GC | Histopathological examination | 8.2 (2.72 to 18.1) |
Hashemi et al. [126] | Iran | 2015–2016 | 2019 | 157 | - | PCR, Culture, UT | 22 | GC | endoscopy | 14.01 (8.99 to 20.44) | |
Kupcinskas et al. [127] | Germany | 2005–2012 | 2014 | CS | 477 | - | Serology | 191 | GC Intestinal:136, Diffuse:89 Mixed:33, Data unavailable:105 | Histological subtyping of GC: Laurén classification into intestinal and diffuse-types | 40.04 (35.61 to 44.59) |
Shibukawa et al. [94] | Japan | 2006–2019 | 2021 | Retrospective | 1003 | 74 | Serological testing, RUT, IHC, SAT | 168 | GC | Endoscopic characteristics | 16.75 (14.49 to 19.21) |
Oh et al. [128] | Korea | 2008–2013 | 2019 | CS | 187 | - | Warthin-Starry silver impregnation method | 35 | GC | - | 18.72 (13.4 to 25.06) |
Wang et al. [35] | China | 2015–2018 | 2020 | CS | 61 | 55.9 | Giemsa staining method | 32 | Non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma | Histologically | 52.46 (39.27 to 65.4) |
Boreiri et al. [129] | Iran | 2000–2001 | 2013 | Cohort | 892 | 53.1 | RUT | 32 | GC | Histological | 3.59 (2.47 to 5.03) |
Sakitani et al. [36] | Japan | January 1996 and March 2013 | 2015 | CS | 965 | 62.9 | RUT, serological testing, UBT, pathological analysis | 21 | GC Intestinal type:16 Diffuse type:5 | Pathology | 2.18 (1.35 to 3.31) |
Sekikawa et al. [37] | Japan | January 2004 and December 2012 | 2016 | Cohort | 236 | - | - | 14 | GC | Histology, Endoscopy | Sekikawa et al. (201–-5.93 (3.28 to 9.75) |
Pakbaz et al. [38] | Iran | March to August 2011 | 2013 | CS | 82 | 46 | RUT, PCR | 13 | GC | Endoscopy | 15.85 (8.72 to 25.58) |
Sedarat et al. [130] | Iran | 2013- 2015 | 2018 | CS | 150 | 43 | RUT, PCR | 4 | GC | Histology, Endoscopy | 2.67 (0.73 to 6.69) |
Shadman et al. [39] | Iran | 2011 -2012 | 2015 | CS | 133 | 63.2 | Histopathological examination, RUT | 47 | GC Well, differentiated:3 Moderately differentiated:10 Poorly differentiated:15 Undifferentiated:4 | Histopathological | 35.34 (27.25 to 44.09) |
Shin et al. [131] | korea | 2006–2014 | 2016 | CS | 132 | 60.3 | Histology, CLO test, culture | 26 | GC | Endoscopy and histopathology | 19.7 (13.29 to 27.51) |
Archampong et al. [40] | Ghana | 2010& 2012 | 2016 | CS | 198 | - | RUT-CLO | 19 | GC | Endoscopy and histopathology | 9.6 (5.88 to 14.58) |
Kobayashi et al. [41] | Japan | April 2005 & November 2015 | 2016 | Retrospective | 37 | - | RUT, SAT | 7 | Early gastric cancer:4 Gastric adenoma:2 MALT lymphoma:1 Other fiberscopic findings: 3 | Fiberscopy. PET/CT imaging | 18.92 (7.96 to 35.16) |
Xie et al. [42] | China | 2007–2008 | 2014 | CS | 142 | 58.3 | RUT, modified Giemsa staining | 61 | GC Male:39, Female: 22 | Pathological diagnosis | 42.96 (34.69 to 51.53) |
Deng et al. [43] | China | 2008& 2013 | 2014 | CS | 76 | - | 7 | Among the 176 GC cases, 63: intestinal type, 96:diffuse type, 17: mixed type | Pathological diagnosis | 9.21 (3.78 to 18.06) | |
Shi et al. [44] | China | 2010—2012 | 2014 | CS | 40 | - | RUT,Warthin-Starry staining. Gram staining. Oxidase and catalase tests | 13 | GC: 2 tissues at an early stage and 11 tissues at an advanced stage; 6 intestinal type tissues, 4 diffuse type tissues, and 3 mixed type tissues | Pathological diagnosis | 32.5 (18.57 to 49.13) |
Yu et al. [132] | China | 1992 -2007 | 2014 | CS | 217 | 59.15 | IHC -PCR | 116 | intestinal type:97, diffuse type: 95 | Histopathology | 53.46 (46.58 to 60.24) |
Zabaglia et al. [45] | Brazil | - | 2017 | PCS | 72 | 65,6 | PCR | 19 | GC | Histopathology | 26.39 (16.7 to 38.1) |
Szkaradkiewicz et al. [46] | Poland | 2013–2014 | 2016 | CS | 42 | 65 | PCR | 15 | GC | Histopathology | 35.71 (21.55 to 51.97) |
Jorge et al. [47] | Brazil | - | 2013 | PCS | 27 | 63.4 | Multiplex PCR | 11 | Intestinal: 12 Diffuse type: 8 | Histopathology | 40.74 (22.39 to 61.2) |
Taghizadeh et al. [48] | Iran | 2012 -2013 | 2014 | CS | 84 | - | Histopathology, RUT | 21 | GC | Endoscopic, Histopathology | 25 (16.19 to 35.64) |
Khatoon et al. [133] | India | 2012–2016 | 2018 | HBS | 122 | 47.34 | RIT, culture, histopathology, PCR | 40 | Intestinal:38 Diffuse: 32 | clinical, endoscopic and histopathological findings | 32.79 (24.56 to 41.87) |
Yan et al. [49] | China | 2019–2020 | 2021 | PCS | 294 | 62.4 | UBT, RUT, histopathology | 132 | GC | Endoscopy | 44.9 (39.12 to 50.78) |
Vilar e Silva et al. [134] | Brazil | 2010- 2011 | 2014 | CS | 384 | 59.9 | PCR | 190 | 61/190: diffuse type 129/190: intestinal type | Histological | 49.48 (44.37 to 54.6) |
Anwar et al. [50] | Egypt | 2008–2009 | 2012 | PCS | 40 | 46.9 | Serological, ELISA | 20 | GC Intestinal:10 Diffuse: 7 Mixed: 3 | History and clinical examination, Endoscopy and histopathology | 50 (33.8 to 66.2) |
Gantuya et al. [90] | Mongolia | 2014–2016 | 2019 | CS | 606 | 53.8 | RUT, culture, Histology, IHC, serology, updated Sydney system | 27 | GC | Endoscopy and histopathology | 4.46 (2.96 to 6.42) |
Beheshtirouy et al. [135] | Iran | 2016–2018 | 2020 | RCS | 62 | - | PCR | 35 | GC | - | 56.45 (43.26 to 69.01) |
Park et al. [51] | Korea | 2015 | 2019 | PCS | 58 | 54.1 | RUT, Serology, EIA, latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay, | 32 | GC | Histopathology | 55.17 (41.54 to 68.26) |
Shukla et al. [136] | India | 2005–2009 | 2011 | CS | 118 | - | RUT, Culture, histopathology, PCR | 31 | GC | Histopathology | 26.27 (18.6 to 35.17) |
Toyoshima et al. [52] | Japan | 2002–2014 | 2017 | RCS | 1232 | 54.1 | UBT, Serology, SAT | 15 | GC | Histological evaluation: Vienna classification | 1.22 (0.68 to 2) |
Spulber et al. [137] | Romania | 2012–2013 | 2015 | Retrospective cohort | 1694 | 55 | Fast urease test | 46 | GC | Endoscopy | 2.72 (1.99 to 3.61) |
Sugimoto et al. [138] | Japan | 2013–2015 | 2017 | RCS | 1200 | 71.3 | Anti-Hp- IgG serological test a PCR, culture UBT | 268 | De novo cancers: 248 metachronous cancers: 20 | Endoscopy | 22.33 (20.01 to 24.8) |
Kobayashi et al. [53] | Japan | 2013 -2017 | 2019 | RCS | 1271 | 61 | Serum anti-H. pylori antibodies, UBT, SAT, histopathology | 84 | MALT:16 | Histopathology | 6.61 (5.31 to 8.12) |
Leung et al. [139] | China | 2003–2012 | 2018 | Cohort | 73,237 | 55.2 | Endoscopy | 200 | GC | - | 0.27 (0.24 to 0.31) |
Watari et al. [140] | Japan | - | 2019 | Cohort | 61 | 70 | UBT, Giemsa staining, IgG antibody test | 37 | GC | Histological analysis | 60.66 (47.31 to 72.93) |
Nam et al. [141] | Korea | 2003–2011 | 2019 | Retrospective cohort | 5558 | 52.6 | RUT | 46 | Early GC: 29 AGCs gastric cardia: 2 | Endoscopic resection | 0.83 (0.61 to 1.1) |
Sallas et al. [142] | Brazil | - | 2019 | PCS | 72 | 65.6 | PCR | 19 | GC | Histological classification: Sydney system | 26.39 (16.7 to 38.1) |
Queiroz et al. [143] | Brazil | - | 2011 | PCS | 252 | 61.9 | Histopathological study, PCR | 58 | Non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma | Histopathology | 23.02 (17.97 to 28.71) |
Sun et al. [144] | China | - | 2018 | PCS | 49 | - | UBT | 25 | GC | Pathology: gastric resection | 51.02 (36.34 to 65.58) |
Jiang et al. [145] | China | 2003–2012 | 2016 | RCS | 43,080 | - | RUT | 1497 | GC | Endoscopy and histopathology | 3.47 (3.3 to 3.65) |
Hu et al. [146] | China | 2015–2016 | 2019 | CS | 57 | - | RUT, IHC | 16 | GC | - | 28.07 (16.97 to 41.54) |
Ferraz et al. [147] | Brazil | - | 2015 | PCS | 94 | 40.3 | PCR | 44 | Neoplastic:21, adjacent nonneoplastic tissue:23 | Histopathology | 46.81 (36.44 to 57.39) |
Tahara et al. [148] | Japan | 2013–2016 | 2019 | CS | 87 | - | Histological analysis and molecular study | 43 | Metachronous:8 GC:35 | Histological analysis and molecular study | 49.43 (38.53 to 60.36) |
Vaziri et al. [149] | Iran | - | 2013 | PCS | 71 | 66 | Culture, PCR | 1 | GC | Endoscopy and histopathology | 1.41 (0.04 to 7.6) |
Boonyanugomol et al. [54] | Thailand and Korea | - | 2018 | PCS | 95 | - | RUT, PCR | 10 | GC | - | 10.53 (5.16 to 18.51) |
Ono et al. [150] | Dominican | 2011–2016 | 2020 | CS | 175 | - | Culture, PCR | 1 | GC | Histopathology | 0.57 (0.01 to 3.14) |
Pandey et al. [55] | India | 2007–2012 | 2018 | CS | 99 | - | PCR, Culture | 34 | Diffuse‐type:44, Intestinal‐type:21 | IHC | 34.34 (25.09 to 44.56) |
Link et al. [151] | Germany | 2011–2013 | 2015 | PCS | 41 | 68.6 | Culture rapid urease test, serology, histology and microbiology | 8 | Cardia:7,Corpus:6 Antrum:3,Diffuse:5 Intestinal:9,other 2 | Histopathology | 19.51 (8.82 to 34.87) |
Casarotto et al. [152] | Italy | - | 2019 | PCS | 91 | - | Histological Study Gram staining, and urease production | 39 | GC | Histopathology | 42.86 (32.53 to 53.66) |
Zao et al. [56] | China | - | 2020 | PCS | 177 | - | Culture, PCR | 33 | GC | - | 18.64 (13.19 to 25.17) |
Abu-Taleb et al. [57] | Egypt | 2016–2017 | 2018 | CS | 90 | - | RUT, PCR | 4 | GC | Endoscopy | 4.44 (1.22 to 10.99) |
Chomvarin et al. [153] | Thailand | 2012 | CS | 147 | 50 | Gram’s staining, catalase, oxidase and UT, PCR | 18 | GC | - | 12.24 (7.42 to 18.66) | |
Bilgiç et al. [154] | Turkish | 2014–2015 | 2018 | CS | 95 | 55.71 | RT-PCR | 34 | GC | Histopathology epigenetic assessments | 35.79 (26.21 to 46.28) |
Chiu et al. [155] | Taiwan | 2018 | Cohort | 60 | - | Gastric endoscopy | 18 | Adenocarcinoma | Endoscopy | 30 (18.85 to 43.21) | |
Kumar et al. [79] | USA | 1994–2018 | 2020 | Cohort | 36,695 | 60.4 | Pathology, SAT, UBT | 108 | Oesophageal and proximal GCs | Endoscopy | 0.29 (0.24 to 0.36) |
Nishikawa et al. [80] | Japan | 2006–2014 | 2018 | Cohort | 674 | UBT, RUT, EIA | 25 | Gastric cancer | Endoscopy | 3.71 (2.41 to 5.43) | |
Sadjadi et al. [81] | Iran | - | 2014 | Cohort | 928 | 53.1 | Histology, RUT | 36 | GC | Histological | 3.88 (2.73 to 5.33) |
Abadi et al. [156] | Iran | 2009–2010 | 2011 | CS | 128 | - | Culture, PCR | 28 | Adenocarcinoma | Endoscopy | 21.88 (15.05 to 30.04) |
Hnatyszyn et al. [157] | Poland | - | 2013 | PCS | 131 | 36 | RUT, IgG antibodies, histopathological examination | 17 | GC | Endoscopy and histopathology | 12.98 (7.74 to 19.96) |
Abadi et al. [158] | Iran | 2007–2010 | 2012 | CS | 232 | 44 | Gram staining, Acid resistance testing, Endoscopy, PCR | 32 | GC | Histopathology | 13.79 (9.63 to 18.91) |
Ohkusa et al. [159] | Japan | 1994–2000 | 2004 | CS | 172 | 53 | Endoscopy, RUT, UBT, histological examination | 5 | GC gastric adenoma or early cancer | Endoscopy | 2.91 (0.95 to 6.65) |
Abe et al. [82] | Japan | - | 2010 | PCS | 254 | 56.8 | Culture, IHC | 28 | GC | Endoscopy | 11.02 (7.45 to 15.54) |
Lahner et al. [160] | Italy | - | 2011 | PCS | 29 | 52.5 | Biopsy, immunoproteome technology | 10 | GC | - | 34.48 (17.94 to 54.33) |
Herrera et al. [83] | Mexico | 1999–2002 | 2013 | CS | 137 | 55.3 | ELISA | 41 | Gastric adenocarcinoma | Endoscopic and Histopathology | 29.93 (22.41 to 38.34) |
Tanaka et al. [161] | Japan | 2003–2007 | 2011 | CS | 99 | 59.1 | Biopsy immunoproteome technology | 90 | Gastric carcinoma | IHC | 90.91 (83.44 to 95.76) |
Batista et al. [84] | Brazil | - | 2011 | Cohort | 436 | 52.7 | 188 | GC | Endoscopy pepsinogen tests | 43.12 (38.42 to 47.92) | |
Choi et al. [162] | South Korea | 2006–2013 | 2015 | CS | 237 | - | Modified Giemsa staining, culture, RUT, PCR | 71 | GC | Biopsy, serum pepsinogen tests | 29.96 (24.2 to 36.23) |
Chuang et al. [163] | Taiwan | - | 2011 | PCS | 469 | 48.1 | Modified Giemsa stain, SDS-PAGE | 26 | GC | Gastric biopsy | 5.54 (3.65 to 8.02) |
Cavalcante et al. [85] | Brazil | 2008 | 2012 | PCS | 134 | 46 | PCR | 30 | Gastric carcinoma | Histopathology | 22.39 (15.64 to 30.39) |
Borges et al. [164] | Brazil | - | 2019 | PCS | 75 | 40.9 | PCR | 2 | Gastric adenocarcinoma | Histopathology | 2.67 (0.32 to 9.3) |
Salih et al. [87] | Turkey | - | 2013 | PCS | 66 | - | Giemsa, PCR, RUT | 35 | 34 intestinal type, 1 diffuse type | Histopathology | 53.03 (40.34 to 65.44) |
Huang et al. [165] | China | 2012–2014 | 2018 | CS | 122 | - | UBT, RUT, histopathology | 65 | GC | Gastroscopy/histopathology | 53.28 (44.03 to 62.36) |
Xie et al. [166] | China | 2010–2016 | 2018 | CS | 116 | - | ELISA | 72 | 19 early, 53 advanced GC | Gastroscopy/pathological | 62.07 (52.59 to 70.91) |
Pereira et al. [167] | Brazil | - | 2020 | PCS | 103 | - | PCR | 38 | GC | Histopathological | 36.89 (27.59 to 46.97) |
Nam et al. [168] | Korea | 2003–2013 | 2018 | CS | 17,751 | - | RUT | 82 | GC | Gastroscopy | 0.46 (0.37 to 0.57) |
Saber et al. [58] | Saudi Arabia | 2012–2014 | 2015 | CS | 131 | - | PCR, IgG antibody/culture | 43 | GC | Histopathology | 32.82 (24.88 to 41.57) |
Matsunari et al. [59] | Japan | 1993–2005 | 2012 | CS | 291 | - | Culture, PCR | 23 | GC | Endoscopy/histological | 7.9 (5.08 to 11.62) |
Khatoon et al. [169] | India | 2012–2016 | 2017 | CS | 122 | - | RUT/culture/histology PCR | 40 | GC | Endoscopy | 32.79 (24.56 to 41.87) |
Ghoshal et al. [60] | India | - | 2013 | PCS | 185 | - | RUT/ELISA | 49 | GC | Endoscopy & biopsy | 26.49 (20.28 to 33.46) |
Amiri et al. [61] | Iran | 2012–2013 | 2016 | CS | 86 | - | RUT/histopathological qRT-PCR | 20 | GC | Histopathological | 23.26 (14.82 to 33.61) |
Farajzadeh Sheikh et al. [62] | Iran | 2014–2015 | 2018 | CS | 201 | - | PCR, Gram staining Urease test, culture | 22 | GC | Histopathological | 10.95 (6.99 to 16.1) |
El Khadir et al. [63] | Morocco | 2009–2019 | 2021 | CS | 823 | 48.2 | PCR | 75 | GC | Endoscopically / histological | 9.11 (7.24 to 11.29) |
Pandey et al. [170] | India | 2007–2012 | 2014 | PCS | 99 | - | PCR | 34 | 44 diffuse/ 21 intestinal adenocarcinoma | Histological | 34.34 (25.09 to 44.56) |
Park et al. [64] | Korea | 2008–2013 | 2016 | CS | 10,947 | - | Immunoglobulin, RUT, pathology | 45 | GC | Histological | 0.41 (0.3 to 0.55) |
Kawamura et al. [65] | Japan | 2007–2010 | 2013 | PCS | 139 | - | RUT | 61 | Differentiated: 46 Undifferentiated GC: 21 | Magnifying endoscopy histological | 43.88 (35.49 to 52.55) |
Raza et al. [66] | Pakistan | - | 2017 | Prospective | 168 | - | PCR | 55 | GC | Histopathological | 32.74 (25.71 to 40.39) |
Yoon et al. [171] | Korea | 2006–2014 | 2019 | CS | 303 | - | Giemsa, RUT, culture ELISA | 170 | GC Intestinal: 119, Diffuse: 51 | Endoscopically | 56.11 (50.32 to 61.77) |
Santos et al. [67] | Brazil | - | 2020 | PCS | 92 | - | PCR | 32 | GC | Histopathological | 34.78 (25.15 to 45.43) |
Guo et al. [69] | China | 2010–2012 | 2014 | CS | 50 | - | RUT, UBT, Serology | 17 | GC, Intestinal:18, Diffuse: 18 | Histopathological | 34 (21.21 to 48.77) |
Haddadi et al. [93] | Iran | 2013 | 2015 | CS | 128 | 26 | Culture, PCR | 14 | GC | Histopathological | 10.94 (6.11 to 17.67) |
Wei et al. [172] | Taiwan | - | 2021 | Cohort | 48 | 69 | - | 43 | GC | - | 89.58 (77.34 to 96.53) |