Table 1 Study characteristics of the 21 studies included
First author | Year | duration of study | Country | Sample size | Gender (male/ female) | Age (Mean ± SD) | Disease severity (asymptomatic infection/light/severe/critical) | Underlying disease (yes/no) | Follow-up duration | Case of IgG positive (n) | Case of IgM positive(n) | Vaccines (type/doses) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang [13] | 2021 | 3 months | China | 43 | 22/21 | 44.91 ± 15.67 | 0/23/11/9/0 | 1/42 | 6 months | 42 | 7 | NA |
Zhao [14] | 2021 | 3 months | China | 41 | 18/23 | 47.83 ± 12.95 | 0/32/0/9/0 | NA | 12 months | 33 | NA | NA |
Liang [15] | 2021 | 1 month | China | 181 | NA | NA | 0/126/47/0/0 | NA | 6 months | 167 | 51 | inactivated vaccines/1 |
Shen [16] | 2021 | 1 month | China | 110 | 50/60 | 50.3 ± 12.9 | 0/14/80/16/0 | 48/62 | 6 months | 39 | 14 | inactivated vaccines/1 |
Zhang [17] | 2022 | 5 months | China | 9 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6 months | 9 | 4 | NA |
Xu [18] | 2021 | 1 month | China | 11 | 4/7 | 50.09 ± 9.77 | 0/11/0/0/0 | NA | 12 months | 11 | 0 | NA |
Jia [19] | 2021 | 1 month | China | 170 | 75/95 | NA | 0/75/80/14/1 | 50/120 | 10 months | 79 | 8 | inactivated vaccines/1 |
Ren [20] | 2021 | 3 months | China | 68 | 32/36 | 43.56 ± 2.1 | 0/75/80/14/2 | NA | 6 months | 33 | 0 | NA |
Zhan [21] | 2021 | 1 month | China | 105 | 54/51 | NA | 0/12/85/6/2 | NA | 6 months | 2 | 0 | NA |
Yan [22] | 2021 | 2 months | China | 121 | 50/71 | NA | 0/0/0/121 | 37/84 | 12 months | 55 | 2 | inactivated vaccines/1 |
Anat [23] | 2021 | NA | Israel | 392 | 284/108 | NA | NA | NA | 6 months | 59 | NA | NA |
Hamza [24] | 2021 | NA | France | 83 | 59/24 | NA | 0/0/0/83 | NA | 6 months | 74 | NA | NA |
Lin [25] | 2021 | NA | China | 59 | 31/28 | 41 | 5/16/38/0 | NA | 9 months | 58 | NA | NA |
Mar [26] | 2021 | NA | Spain | 80 | 49/31 | NA | NA | 49/31 | 12 months | 73 | NA | NA |
Feng [27] | 2021 | 1 month | China | 204 | NA | NA | 1/12/162/29 | NA | 12 months | 100 | 103 | inactivated vaccines/1 |
Zhao [28] | 2021 | NA | China | 67 | NA | NA | 0/2/30/35 | NA | 12 months | 59 | 12 | NA |
Maddalena [7] | 2021 | NA | Italy | 546 | 257/289 | 53.1 | NA | NA | 10 months | 257 | 492 | NA |
Zhu [29] | 2021 | NA | China | 64 | NA | 46.72 | NA | NA | 7 months | 50 | 19 | NA |
Guo [30] | 2022 | NA | China | 1096 | 587/509 | 58 | 0/0/289/807 | NA | 12 months | 1032 | 26 | NA |
Julia [31] | 2021 | NA | Germany | 412 | 177/235 | NA | 36/209/148/15 | 166/239 | 10 months | 316 | NA | NA |
Larry [32] | 2021 | NA | USA | 370 | NA | 41 | NA | NA | 6 months | 294 | 92 | NA |