Table 1 Description of baseline characteristics of patients with sepsis in the MIMIC-IV database
Variables | Q1(4.10–8.90) | Q2(8.90-10.15) | Q3(10.20–11.70) | Q4(11.75–20.70) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 8729 | N = 8553 | N = 8905 | N = 8729 | ||
Socio-demographic variables | |||||
Age at admission, mean ± sd, year | 66.82 ± 15.54 | 68.38 ± 14.78 | 67.56 ± 15.84 | 63.96 ± 17.37 | < 0.001 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
White | 5813 (66.59%) | 5967 (69.76%) | 6055 (68.00%) | 5770 (66.10%) | |
Other | 2916 (33.41%) | 2586 (30.24%) | 2850 (32.00%) | 2959 (33.90%) | |
Gender | < 0.001 | ||||
Male | 4634 (53.09%) | 4500 (52.61%) | 5081 (57.06%) | 5925 (67.88%) | |
Female | 4095 (46.91%) | 4053 (47.39%) | 3824 (42.94%) | 2804 (32.12%) | |
Vital sign variables | |||||
Heart rate, mean ± sd, times/minute | 105.09 ± 24.59 | 102.99 ± 24.01 | 103.15 ± 24.31 | 104.59 ± 25.06 | < 0.001 |
Number of breaths, mean ± sd, times/minute | 27.49 ± 9.74 | 26.19 ± 9.74 | 26.36 ± 9.63 | 26.75 ± 9.44 | < 0.001 |
Body temperature, mean ± sd, ℃ | 36.77 ± 1.25 | 36.63 ± 1.28 | 36.75 ± 1.26 | 36.94 ± 1.27 | < 0.001 |
Indicators related to disease severity | |||||
SOFA score, mean ± sd, score | 7.34 ± 3.98 | 6.70 ± 3.66 | 6.24 ± 3.56 | 5.99 ± 3.56 | < 0.001 |
APACHE III score, mean ± sd, score | 78.44 ± 27.56 | 72.47 ± 26.94 | 68.59 ± 26.93 | 65.57 ± 27.10 | < 0.001 |
Lactate, median (min, max) mmol/L | 2.10 (0.20–29.60) | 2.30 (0.00-28.70) | 2.20 (0.40–23.80) | 2.20 (0.30–89.00) | < 0.001 |
Co-morbidity related variables | |||||
Charlson comorbidity index, mean ± sd, score | 6.92 ± 2.95 | 6.46 ± 2.82 | 5.90 ± 2.82 | 5.20 ± 2.88 | < 0.001 |
Heart failure, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 4694 (53.77%) | 4771 (55.78%) | 5433 (61.01%) | 5858 (67.11%) | |
Yes | 4035 (46.23%) | 3782 (44.22%) | 3472 (38.99%) | 2871 (32.89%) | |
Gastrointestinal bleeding, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 8065 (92.39%) | 8152 (95.31%) | 8637 (96.99%) | 8598 (98.50%) | |
Yes | 664 (7.61%) | 401 (4.69%) | 268 (3.01%) | 131 (1.50%) | |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 7592 (86.97%) | 7723 (90.30%) | 8069 (90.61%) | 7927 (90.81%) | |
Yes | 1137 (13.03%) | 830 (9.70%) | 836 (9.39%) | 802 (9.19%) | |
Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 6510 (74.58%) | 6492 (75.90%) | 7009 (78.71%) | 7138 (81.77%) | |
Yes | 2219 (25.42%) | 2061 (24.10%) | 1896 (21.29%) | 1591 (18.23%) | |
Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%) | 0.151 | ||||
No | 7406 (84.84%) | 7337 (85.78%) | 7540 (84.67%) | 7402 (84.80%) | |
Yes | 1323 (15.16%) | 1216 (14.22%) | 1365 (15.33%) | 1327 (15.20%) | |
Treatment-related variables | |||||
Glucocorticoid use | |||||
Dexamethasone use, n(%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 7589 (86.94%) | 7719 (90.25%) | 8062 (90.53%) | 7736 (88.62%) | |
Yes | 1140 (13.06%) | 834 (9.75%) | 843 (9.47%) | 993 (11.38%) | |
Methylprednisolone use, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 6836 (78.31%) | 7015 (82.02%) | 7465 (83.83%) | 7467 (85.54%) | |
Yes | 1893 (21.69%) | 1538 (17.98%) | 1440 (16.17%) | 1262 (14.46%) | |
Hydrocortisone use, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 8503 (97.41%) | 8351 (97.64%) | 8749 (98.25%) | 8589 (98.40%) | |
Yes | 226 (2.59%) | 202 (2.36%) | 156 (1.75%) | 140 (1.60%) | |
Vasoactive agents | |||||
Dopamine use, n(%) | 0.012 | ||||
No | 8070 (92.45%) | 7921 (92.61%) | 8302 (93.23%) | 8167 (93.56%) | |
Yes | 659 (7.55%) | 632 (7.39%) | 603 (6.77%) | 562 (6.44%) | |
Dobutamine use, n(%) | 0.006 | ||||
No | 8300 (95.09%) | 8195 (95.81%) | 8561 (96.14%) | 8362 (95.80%) | |
Yes | 429 (4.91%) | 358 (4.19%) | 344 (3.86%) | 367 (4.20%) | |
Antibiotic use | |||||
Use of carbapenems, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 5978 (68.48%) | 6602 (77.19%) | 7329 (82.30%) | 7571 (86.73%) | |
Yes | 2751 (31.52%) | 1951 (22.81%) | 1576 (17.70%) | 1158 (13.27%) | |
Cephalosporin administration, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 7880 (90.27%) | 7767 (90.81%) | 8179 (91.85%) | 8068 (92.43%) | |
Yes | 849 (9.73%) | 786 (9.19%) | 726 (8.15%) | 661 (7.57%) | |
Penicillin antibiotics use, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 3581 (41.02%) | 4124 (48.22%) | 4581 (51.44%) | 4575 (52.41%) | |
Yes | 5148 (58.98%) | 4429 (51.78%) | 4324 (48.56%) | 4154 (47.59%) | |
Vancomycin administration, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 968 (11.09%) | 1525 (17.83%) | 1957 (21.98%) | 2086 (23.90%) | |
Yes | 7761 (88.91%) | 7028 (82.17%) | 6948 (78.02%) | 6643 (76.10%) | |
Supportive therapy | |||||
Immunoglobulin administration, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 8369 (95.88%) | 8338 (97.49%) | 8730 (98.03%) | 8597 (98.49%) | |
Yes | 360 (4.12%) | 215 (2.51%) | 175 (1.97%) | 132 (1.51%) | |
Mechanical Ventilation, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 5248 (60.12%) | 4573 (53.47%) | 4934 (55.41%) | 4777 (54.73%) | |
Yes | 3481 (39.88%) | 3980 (46.53%) | 3971 (44.59%) | 3952 (45.27%) | |
Blood transfusions, n (%) | 0.313 | ||||
No | 7896 (90.46%) | 7699 (90.02%) | 8090 (90.85%) | 7902 (90.53%) | |
Yes | 833 (9.54%) | 854 (9.98%) | 815 (9.15%) | 827 (9.47%) | |
Outcome variable | |||||
28-day mortality, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
survival | 6880 (78.82%) | 7182 (83.97%) | 7683 (86.28%) | 7503 (85.95%) | |
Non-survival | 1849 (21.18%) | 1371 (16.03%) | 1222 (13.72%) | 1226 (14.05%) |