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Table 5.1 GRADE criteria for rating certainty of evidence

From: Guidance to best tools and practices for systematic reviews

Reasons for rating downa

Reasons for rating up[195]b

Risk of bias [196]

Large magnitude of effect

Imprecision [197]

Dose–response gradient

Inconsistency [198]

All residual confounding would decrease magnitude of effect (in situations with an effect)

Indirectness [199]

Publication bias [200]

  1. aApplies to randomized studies
  2. bApplies to non-randomized studies