Table 4 Characteristics of recombinant-vaccina-virus vaccine studies
Author | Year | Country | Type of study | Host | Vaccine immunogen content | Vaccine dose | Route | Prescribed number | Laboratory method | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shida, H | 1987 | Japan | in vivo | rabbits | The envelope gene of HTLV-I in the vaccinia virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene | NA | ID | once | IFA | HA gene is a useful site to accept and express foreign genes/ A single inoculation of the recombinant virus-induced antibodies to the env proteins of HTLV-I in rabbits and had a protective effect against HTLV-I infection |
Shida, H | 1988 | Japan | in vivo | Japan albino rabbits, each weighing 1.8 to 2.3Â kg and 5-week-old male DDY mice | HTLV-1 envelope gene | NA | IP/IC | once | IFA | LC16mO is a good candidate as a vector for vaccination |
Ford, C. M | 1992 | USA | in vivo | Balb/c, A/J, and C57BU6 strains of mice | RVV El expressed the native HTLV-I envelope proteins gp46 (surface protein) and gp21 (transmembrane protein) RVV E2 expressed the envelope precursor with the proteolytic cleavage site deleted RVV E3 construct expressed only the external surface glycoprotein (gp46) | NA | intraperitoneal | NA | Southern blot, Immunofluorescence assays, Radioimmunoprecipitation assays, ELISA, Western blot assays | Balb/c mice responded poorly to immunization with all of the three RVV constructs. C57BU6 mice produced neutralizing antibodies in response to immunization with all three constructs, whereas A/J mice developed neutralizing antibodies only when immunized with the RVV El s construct. The results indicate that the humoral immune responses depend on the form of HTLV-I envelope proteins expressed by each RVV |
Hakoda, E | 1995 | Japan | in vivo | Japanese white rabbits | env gene in the hemagglutinin locus, WR-SFBSenv | \(1\times10^{8}\)Â plaque-forming units of recombinant or control virus at 3 sites on the back | intradermally | one time in 3 sites in the back of tabbits | PCR, western bloth, ELISA, plaque-reduction assay | Incapable of inducing neutralizing antibodies |
Arp, J | 1996 | USA | in vitro | baculovirus non-fusion vector system | gp46 | NA | NA | NA | PCR, ELISA, western blot, y immunofluorescence assays | Maintenance of highly conserved conformational epitopes in the recombinant HTLV-1 envelope protein structure |
Ibuki, K | 1997 | Japan | in vivo | cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) | HTLV-I envelope (Env) gp46 | Two monkeys: 3.10 p.f.u. of WR-SFB5env three monkeys: \(3.10^{8}\) p.f.u. of HA − VV | ID | 1 | western blot, PCR, particle agglutination, IFA | Neither HTLV-I antigen nor HTLV-I proviruses were detected/ Single immunization with WR-SFB5env elicited long-lived anti-Env antibodies as well as Env-specific CTL activity/ Gp46 expression alone was sufficient for protection |
Kazanji, M | 2001 | France | in vivo | male squirrel monkeys | env/gag | In the initial protocol, three monkeys \(10^{8}\) PFU of NYVAC / Six months after the last administration of NYVAC-env, two of the three vaccinated monkeys were boosted with 500 mg of the naked DNA immunogen CMV-env-LTR, The third monkey and the control were injected with a naked DNA vector containing the b-galactosidase gene (CMV-bgal) In the second immunization protocol, three monkeys 500 mg of the DNA immunogen CMV-env-LTR and the control monkey was injected with the CMV-bgal vector. Six months later,the three vaccinated monkeys received a series of three booster injections, separated by 1-month intervals, of 108 PFU of the NYVAC-based candidate vaccine containing the HTLV-1 env and gag genes. The control monkey received 108 PFU of NYVAC-RG at the same times | IM | protocol A: (3 monkeys) 0, 1, and 3 months (108 PFU of NYVAC containing the HTLV-1 env gene) Six months after the last administration of NYVAC-env, two of the three vaccinated monkeys were boosted with 500 mg of the naked DNA immunogen CMV-env-LTR intramuscularly into the tibialis anterior muscle protocol B: (3 monkeys) 500 mg of the DNA immunogen CMV-env-LTR. Six months later, received a series of three booster injections, separated by 1-month intervals, of 108 PFU of the NYVAC-based candidate vaccine contain ing the HTLV-1 env and gag genes | ELISA, PCR, western blot | protocol A: With the first immunization protocol, no anti-bodies against HTLV-1 HTLV-1 Env gp46 was stimulated in all of the three immu nized monkeys and a lesser response was stimulated in the control monkey protocol B: did not induce detectable levels of antibodies against HTLV-1 In the lymphocyte proliferation test performed 1 month after boosting, high-level, specific responses were detected in the three immunized animals against both recombinant Env gp46 protein and Gag peptides but not in the control monkey |
Sugata, Kenji | 2015 | Japan | in vivo | Ly5.1 C57BL/6 mice, rhesus monkeys | HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factor (HBZ) or Tax | Each animal received a dose of 107 plaque forming units of rVV in 10 mL of viral suspension | skin sacrifation | In mice, 4 weeks after the first vaccination, 5 booster vaccinations were administered every 3 weeks In monkeys, booster vaccinations were repeated every 4 weeks. PBMCs from monkeys were obtained every 2 weeks | ELISPOT, immunoblotting | Increased survival of the lymphoma cell–inoculated mice/ Induction of specific T-cell responses to HBZ and Tax in HTLV-1–infected rhesus monkeys/ A candidate peptide (HBZ157-176) for vaccine development was identified/ Dendritic cells pulsed with this peptide could generate HBZ-specific CTLs from human CD81 T cells |