Table 2 Clinical characteristics by age groups

Age, mean (SD)^a (years)

49.34 (12.03)

74.94 (7.20)

< 0.001*

Gender, n (%)

Male

84 (61.8)

81 (58.3)

0.555

Female

52 (38.2)

58 (41.7)

0.555

Ethnicity, n (%)

Malay

47 (34.6)

51 (36.7)

0.712

Chinese

35 (25.7)

62 (44.6)

0.001*

Indian

50 (36.8)

26 (18.7)

< 0.001*

Others

4 (2.9)

0 (0)

0.058

Classification, n (%)

Hospital-acquired

70 (51.5)

74 (53.2)

0.769

Healthcare-associated

53 (39.0)

46 (33.1)

0.310

Community-acquired

13 (9.6)

19 (13.7)

0.288

Length of stay in survivors, mean/n (%)

29.5/97 (71.3)

22.6/61 (43.9)

0.417

Intensive Care Unit admission, n (%)

24 (17.6)

29 (20.9)

0.499

Devices in situ during infection, n (%)

Peripheral venous line

134 (98.5)

137 (98.6)

0.982

Central venous lines

36 (26.5)

25 (18.0)

0.090

Continuous bladder drainage

50 (36.8)

76 (54.7)

0.003*

Others (chest tube, nasogastric tube, prosthetic valve, pacemaker, prosthetic implants, or cerebral shunt)

17 (12.5)

33 (23.7)

0.016*

Previous hospitalization, n (%)

Less than 3 months

89 (65.4)

78 (56.1)

0.168

3 months or more

28 (20.6)

47 (33.8)

0.092

None

19 (13.2)

14 (10.1)

0.238

Co-morbidities, n (%)

Chronic Kidney Disease

71 (53.0)

86 (62.8)

0.103

End Stage Renal Failure

27 (20.1)

16 (11.7)

0.056

Diabetes Mellitus

70 (51.5)

89 (64.0)

0.035*

Hypertension

74 (54.4)

103 (74.1)

0.001*

Airway diseases

4 (3.0)

10 (7.2)

0.109

Ischemic Heart Disease

11 (8.1)

38 (27.3)

< 0.001*

Others

66 (48.5)

68 (48.9)

0.948

Infection-severity and biochemical data

Pitt bacteremia score ≥ 3, n (%)

17 (12.5)

33 (23.7)

0.016*

Charlson score, mean (SD)

4.14 (2.83)

6.65 (3.05)

< 0.001*

Charlson score > 4, n (%)

59 (43.4)

111 (79.9)

< 0.001*

Albumin, mean (SD)

26

25

0.514

Hypoalbuminemia (albumin < 29 g/L), n (%)

90 (66.1)

99 (71.2)

0.367

Exposure to antibiotics in the last 90 days, n (%)

88 (64.7)

84 (60.4)

0.673

Types of antibiotics exposure in the last 90 days, n (%)

Beta lactams

76 (86.4)

76 (90.5)

0.400

Glycopeptide (Vancomycin)

15 (17.0)

8 (9.5)

0.147

Fluoroquinolone (Ciprofloxacin)

11 (12.5)

10 (11.9)

0.905

Polymyxin (Colistin)

4 (4.5)

3 (3.6)

0.747

Macrolide

5 (5.7)

7 (8.3)

0.495

Lincosamide (Clindamycin)

1 (1.1)

0 (0)

0.327

Others

24 (27.3)

15 (17.9)

0.140

Site of Infection, n (%)

Primary bacteremia

39 (28.7)

51 (36.7)

0.157

Central line-associated bloodstream infection

51 (37.5)

24 (17.3)

< 0.001*

Respiratory (community/hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia)

20 (14.7)

27 (19.4)

0.299

Skin and soft tissue infection

14 (10.3)

29 (20.9)

0.016*

Bones and joints

4 (2.9)

4 (2.9)

0.975

Others

8 (5.9)

4 (2.9)

0.223

Poly-microbial bacteremia, n (%)

37 (27.2)

39 (28.1)

0.796

Removable Sources, n (%)

71 (55.0)

55 (41.0)

0.020*

Pus / Collections

15 (21.1)

18 (32.7)

0.142

Line

52 (73.2)

27 (49.1)

0.005*

Others

4 (5.6)

10 (18.2)

0.026*