Table 6 Summary of findings of studies of AIFRS among COVID-19 patients
Reference | Study design | Age (mean ± SD) (years) | Underlying diseases | Presenting symptoms and signs | Risk factors | Causative organism | Antifungal treatment | Mortality rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
El‐Kholy et al. (2020), [10] | Longitudinal prospective study, tertiary referral center | 52.92 ± 11.30 | DM, malignancy, HTN, CKD, asthma, CAD, Hypothyroidism, SLE | Headache, facial numbness | Systemic corticosteroid therapy for COVID-19 | Mucor, Aspergillus | Amphotericin B, voriconazole, posaconazole | 36.11 |
Tadros et al. (2020–2021), [58] | Longitudinal prospective study, tertiary referral center | 57.17 ± 14.7 | DM, CKD, malignancy, HTN | Headache and facial pain, orbital pain, preorbital edema | Systemic corticosteroid therapy for COVID-19 | Mucor, Aspergillu, mixed fungal infections | Amphotericin B, voriconazole, posaconazole | 33.33 |
Roushdy et al. (2021), [59] | Case series, tertiary referral center | 67.75 ± 10.5 | DM, CKD, HTN, malignancy, CAD | Facial swelling, complete ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, ptosis, hard palate, sluggish ulcer | Systemic corticosteroid therapy for COVID-19 | Mucor | Amphotericin B | 25 |
Pakdel et al. (2021), [60] | Cross-sectional descriptive multicenter study | Median 52 years (range 14–71) | DM, HTN, malignancy, asthma, CAD, hepatic cirrhosis, hypothyroidism, tuberculosis | Facial swelling, ptosis, proptosis, acute vision loss, cranial nerve palsies, otological symptoms | Systemic corticosteroid therapy for COVID-19, DKA | Mucor | Amphotericin B, posaconazole, caspofungin, combined therapy | 47 |
Eldsouky et al. (2020) [61] | Cross‐sectional cohort study | 59.6 ± 11.9 | Chest disease, CAD, DM, HTN, malignancy | Headache and facial pain, ophthalmoplegia, visual loss, and blindness | Antibiotic, corticosteroid, oxygen therapy | Mucor, Aspergillus | Amphotericin B | 13.3 |