Table 1 Characteristics of HCC cases at diagnosis, stratified by HIV status

Socio-Demographic

 Age (years)^§, median (IQR)

42 (31–55)

45 (37–52)

42(30–56)

0.463^a

 Age groups, n (%)

 20 years or younger

16 (3.6)

1 (1.3)

15 (4.2)

0.001 ^b

 21–35 years

133 (30.2)

16 (20.3)

117 (32.4)

 36–50 years

142 (32.3)

40 (50.6)

102 (28.3)

 Older than 50 years

150 (34.0)

22 (27.9)

127 (35.2)

 Males, n (%)

295 (67.1)

51 (64.6)

244 (67.6)

0.600^b

 Education attained

 Primary or less

233 (53.0)

52 (65.8)

181 (50.1)

0.034 ^b

 Secondary

139 (31.6)

20 (25.3)

119 (33.0)

 Tertiary

68 (15.4)

7 (8.9)

61 (16.9)

 Alcohol consumption, n (%)

194 (44.1)

48 (60.8)

146 (40.4)

0.001 ^b

 Cigarette smoking, n (%)

82 (19.0)

22 (28.0)

60 (17.0)

0.025 ^b

Clinical

 Physical activity, Karnofsky score, < 50, n (%)

44 (10.1)

10 (12.7)

34(9.5)

0.39 ^b

 Hand grip strength, > 45 pounds, n (%)

188 (47.0)

31 (41.3)

157 (48.2)

0.310^b

Laboratory

 HBsAg positive, n (%)

192 (43.9)

35 (44.9)

157 (43.6)

0.900^b

 Anti-HCV positive, n (%)

30 (6.9)

2 (2.5)

28 (7.8)

0.137^b

 Active Schistosomiasis (Urine CCA) positive, n (%)

214 (52.8)

37 (50.0)

177 (53.5)

0.610^b

 AST (U/l), > 45, n (%)

344 (78.2)

69 (87.3)

275 (76.2)

0.035 ^b

 ALT (U/l), > 40, n (%)

244 (55.5)

48 (60.8)

196 (54.3)

0.319^b

 INR > 1.15, n (%)

351 (82.2)

66 (86.8)

285 (81.2)

0.321^b

 AFP (IU/mL), ≥ 100, n (%)

218 (50.2)

39 (50.0)

179 (50.3)

1.000^b

 AFP (IU/mL), ≥ 400, n (%)

199 (45.9)

33 (42.3)

166 (46.6)

0.532^b

 HIV load (copies/ml) ^c

 <200

--

51(64.6)

--

 ≥200

--

28(35.4)

--

 CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) ^d

 <200

 ≥200

 <200

--

21(26.6)

--

 ≥200

--

58(73.4)

--

Ultrasound imaging

 Multifocal disease, n (%)

316 (73.6%)

61(77.2)

255 (72.9%)

0.730^b