Table 1 Reports of False-Negative Cryptococcal Antigen Lateral Flow Assay Due to Postzone Phenomenon
Reference | Country | Age/Gender | Comorbidities | Site(s) of Disease Involvement | Specimen/Assay | Culture/ Species | Post-Dilution Titer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stamm and Polt, JAMA 1980 [15] | United States | 64/M | Rheumatoid arthritis | CNS | CSF/LA | Positive/ C. neoformans | 1:1,600 |
Lee et al., J Clin Microbiol 2018 [11] | Australia | N/A (2 patients) | None reported | Pulmonary (both patients) | Serum/LFA (both patients) | Positive/ C. gattii (both patients) | 1:655,360; 1:327,680 |
Kojima et al., AIDS 2018 [16] | Malawi | 49/M | HIV/AIDS | CNS | CSF/LFA | Not reported/N/A | Not reported |
Yadava and Fazili, AIDS 2019 [19] | United States | 42/M | HIV/AIDS | Disseminated (CSF, blood, pulmonary) | CSF/LFA | Positive/Not reported | > 1:2,560 |
Xu et al., Infect Drug Resist 2020 [10] | China | 79/F | Nephrotic syndrome | Disseminated (CSF, blood) | Serum/LFA | Positive/C. neoformans | Not reported |
Malik et al., Ann Clin Lab Sci 2021 [18] | Malaysia | 26/M | HIV/AIDS | Disseminated (CSF, blood) | Serum/LFA, CSF/LFA | Positive/C. neoformans | ≥ 1:2,560 |
Tadeo et al., J Clin Microbiol 2021 [17] | Uganda | N/A | HIV/AIDS | CSF | CSF/LFA | Positive/Not reported | 1:1,310,000 |