Table 4 Summary of clinical findings from coinfections
From: Viral reactivations and co-infections in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review
Virus | IAV | IBV | EBV | CMV | VZV | HHV-6 | Total (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of cases | 187 | 23 | 38 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 265 (100.00) |
Sex | Â | ||||||
 Female | 109 | 12 | 17 |  |  | 5 | 143 (53.96) |
 Male | 78 | 11 | 21 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 122 (46.04) |
Total | 187 | 23 | 38 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 265 (100.00) |
COVID severity | Â | ||||||
 Moderate |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 (7.69) |
 Severe/Critical | 10 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 12 (92.31) |
Total | 10 | Â | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 13 (100.00) |
Comorbidities/medical history | Â | ||||||
 Arthritis |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 (2.63) |
 Cardiovascular disease |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8 | 9 (23.68) |
 Chronic lung disease | 1 |  |  |  |  |  | 1 (2.63) |
 COPD |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 (2.63) |
 Diabetes |  |  |  | 2 |  | 8 | 10 (26.32) |
 History of transplant |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 (2.63) |
 Hypertension |  |  | 1 | 2 |  |  | 3 (7.89) |
 Hyperlipidemia |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 (2.63) |
 Immunosuppression (therapeutic) |  |  |  |  |  | 6 | 6 (15.79) |
 Malignancy |  |  |  | 1 |  | 4 | 5 (13.16) |
Total | 1 | Â | 4 | 7 | 0 | 26 | 38 (100.00) |
Clinical manifestations | |||||||
 Symptomatic | |||||||
  Chest pain |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 (0.30) |
  Cough | 39 | 6 | 28 | 2 |  |  | 75 (22.87) |
  Diarrhea | 7 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8 (2.44) |
  Dyspnea | 13 | 2 | 1 | 2 |  |  | 18 (5.49) |
  Fatigue | 24 | 3 |  |  |  |  | 27 (8.23) |
  Fever | 134 | 16 | 27 | 2 | 1 |  | 180 (54.88%) |
  Myalgia |  |  | 18 |  | 1 |  | 19 (5.79%) |
Total | 217 | 27 | 75 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 328 (100.00%) |
 Complications | |||||||
  AKI |  |  |  | 1 |  | 9 | 10 (27.78) |
  AMI |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 (27.78) |
  Encephalopathy |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 (27.78) |
  Melena |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 (27.78) |
  Pneumonia |  |  | 1 | 1 |  |  | 2 (5.56) |
  Septic shock/sepsis |  |  |  | 1 |  | 9 | 10 (27.78) |
  Death | 2 |  |  | 2 |  | 4 | 8 (22.22) |
  ICU admission |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 (8.33) |
Total | 2 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 23 | 36 (100.00) |
Laboratory findings | |||||||
 Leukopenia |  |  |  |  |  | 3 | 3 (1.27) |
 Lymphopenia | 187 | 23 |  |  |  | 9 | 219 (92.80) |
 Decreased albumin level |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 (0.44) |
 Elevated ALT level |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 (0.44) |
 Elevated AST level |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 (0.44) |
 Elevated CRP level |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 (1.27) |
 Elevated D-dimer level |  |  | 1 | 3 |  |  | 4 (1.69) |
 Elevated ferritin level |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 (0.85) |
 Elevated procalcitonin level |  |  | 1 | 1 |  |  | 2 (0.85) |
Total | 187 | 23 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 12 | 236 (100.00) |
Pharmacological interventions | |||||||
 Acyclovir |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 1 (0.74) |
 Dexamathasone |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 (0.74) |
 Dexmedetomidine |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 (0.74) |
 Ganciclovir |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 (2.21) |
 Heparin |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 (0.74) |
 Hydroxychloroquine | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | 2 (1.47) |
 Lopinavir/ritonavir | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | 2 (1.47) |
 Oseltamivir | 32 |  |  |  |  |  | 32 (23.53) |
 Piperacillin tazobactam |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 (0.74) |
 Remdesivir |  |  | 1 | 1 |  |  | 2 (1.47) |
 Vancomycin |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 (0.74) |
 Antibiotics (non-specified) |  |  | 32 | 1 |  |  | 33 (24.26) |
 Antivirals |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 32 (23.53) |
 Steroids |  |  | 22 | 2 |  |  | 24 (17.65) |
Total | 36 | 0 | 91 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 136 (100.00) |
Procedures | |||||||
 Invasive ventilation | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 (23.08) |
 Renal replacement therapy |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 (7.69) |
 Supportive oxygen care | 2 |  | 7 |  |  |  | 9 (69.23) |
Total | 3 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 13 (100.00) |