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Table 3 Summary of clinical findings from reactivations

From: Viral reactivations and co-infections in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review

Virus

EBV

CMV

VZV

HHV-1

HHV-2

HHV-6

HHV-7

HHV-8

HBV

Total (%)

Number of cases

519

154

1

157

1

47

1

2

13

895 (100.00)

Sex

 Female

45

36

 

29

1

  

1

5

117 (32.77)

 Male

45

93

1

94

 

1

1

1

4

240 (67.23)

Total

90

129

1

123

1

1

1

2

9

357 (100.00)

COVID-19 severity

 Asymptomatic

   

1

    

1

2 (0.52)

 Moderate

   

1

     

1 (0.26)

 Severe/Critical

103

116

 

150

 

7

  

5

381 (99.22)

Total

103

116

0

152

0

7

0

0

6

384 (100.00)

Comorbidities/Medical history

 Asthma

 

3

       

3 (1.37)

 Arthritis

 

1

       

1 (0.46)

 Cardiovascular disease

 

8

 

12

    

2

22 (10.05)

 Chronic kidney disease

 

1

       

1 (0.46)

 Chronic renal failure

   

1

     

1 (0.46)

 Diabetes

 

37

 

13

   

1

2

53 (24.20)

 History of transplant

 

4

 

2

     

6 (2.74)

 Hypercholesterolemia

 

1

       

1 (0.46)

 Hypertension

 

61

 

3

   

2

4

70 (31.96)

 Hyperlipidemia

 

5

       

5 (2.28)

 Hyperthyroidism

 

1

       

1 (0.46)

 Hyperuricemia

 

1

       

1 (0.46)

 Past HBV infection

 

1

      

6

7 (3.20)

 HIV

 

1

       

1 (0.46)

 Immunosuppression (non-specific)

 

21

 

17

     

38 (17.35)

 Malignancy

 

1

 

1

    

2

4 (1.83)

 Pneumonia

 

2

 

1

    

2

5 (2.28)

 Pulmonary fibrosis

 

2

 

1

     

3 (1.37)

Total

0

151

0

51

0

0

0

3

18

219 (100.00)

Clinical manifestations

 Symptomatic

  Cough

 

5

 

29

     

34 (50.00)

  Diarrhea

 

1

       

1 (1.47)

  Dyspnea

 

1

 

3

     

4 (5.88)

  Fever

1

4

 

4

 

1

1

1

 

12 (17.65)

  Jaundice

 

4

      

2

6 (8.82)

  Myalgia

1

1

   

1

1

  

4 (5.88)

  Skin lesions

 

1

1

1

     

3 (4.41)

  Rash

1

    

1

1

  

3 (4.41)

  Vomiting

        

1

1 (1.47)

Total

3

17

1

37

0

3

3

1

3

68 (100.00)

 Complications

  Acidosis

1

        

1 (0.17)

  AKI

12

        

12 (2.04)

  ALI

        

1

1 (0.17)

  AMI

2

        

2 (0.34)

  ARDS

108

9

      

1

118 (20.07)

  Cirrhosis

        

1

1 (0.17)

  Gingivostomatitis

   

2

     

2 (0.34)

  Encephalitis

   

1

     

1 (0.17)

  Encephalopathy

 

1

       

1 (0.17)

  Heart failure

1

        

1 (0.17)

  Hemorrhagic esophagitis

 

1

       

1 (0.17)

  Hepatitis

   

2

     

2 (0.34)

  Keratitis

   

1

     

1 (0.17)

  Malignancy

       

2

 

2 (0.34)

  Renal failure

   

1

     

1 (0.17)

  Retinal necrosis

   

2

1

    

3 (0.51)

  Pneumonia

 

2

 

1

   

1

 

4 (0.68)

  Seizure

 

1

       

1 (0.17)

  Septic shock/sepsis

 

1

1

1

     

3 (0.51)

  Death

12

16

 

31

    

1

60 (10.20)

  ICU admission

126

111

1

119

 

7

 

1

5

370 (62.93)

Total

262

142

2

161

1

7

0

4

9

587 (100.00)

Laboratory findings

 Leukopenia

1

1

   

1

1

  

4 (0.37)

 Lymphopenia

1

89

 

51

 

1

1

 

1

144 (13.42)

 Neutrophilia

 

1

       

1 (0.09)

 Thrombocytopenia

       

1

 

1 (0.09)

 Decreased hemoglobin level

   

21

     

21 (1.96)

 Decreased prothrombin time

   

1

     

1 (0.09)

 Elevated ALT level

66

2

 

2

    

3

73 (6.80)

 Elevated AST level

11

2

 

2

    

3

18 (1.68)

 Elevated creatinine level

   

1

     

1 (0.09)

 Elevated CRP level

 

89

 

117

   

1

 

207 (19.29)

 Elevated D-dimer level

55

88

 

62

     

205 (19.11)

 Elevated ferritin level

55

  

50

     

105 (9.79)

 Elevated fibrinogen level

55

        

55 (5.13)

 Elevated interleukin-6 level

55

  

14

     

69 (6.43)

 Elevated LDH level

 

88

 

62

     

150 (13.98)

 Elevated procalcitonin level

   

15

     

15 (1.40)

 Elevated total bilirubin level

 

1

 

1

    

1

3 (0.28)

Total

299

361

0

399

0

2

2

2

8

1073 (100.00)

Pharmacological interventions

 Acyclovir

 

72

1

111

1

    

185 (29.13)

 Arbidol

   

1

     

1 (0.16)

 Azithromycin

   

1

   

1

 

2 (0.32)

 Betamethasone

   

2

     

2 (0.32)

 Ceftriaxone

 

1

       

1 (0.16)

 Cyclosporine

 

1

       

1 (0.16)

 Dexamethasone

 

4

 

39

   

1

 

44 (6.93)

 Dexmedetomidine

   

1

     

1 (0.16)

 Everolimus

 

1

       

1 (0.16)

 Ganciclovir

 

43

  

1

    

44 (6.93)

 Heparin

 

88

     

1

 

89 (14.02)

 Hydroxychloroquine

 

2

 

1

     

3 (0.47)

 Lacosamide

 

1

       

1 (0.16)

 Levetiracetam

 

1

       

1 (0.16)

 Meropenem

 

1

       

1 (0.16)

 Methylprednisolone

 

2

     

1

1

4 (0.63)

 Midazolam

 

1

 

1

     

2 (0.32)

 Morphine

   

1

     

1 (0.16)

 Mycophenolate mofetil

 

2

       

2 (0.32)

 Paracetamol

   

2

     

2 (0.32)

 Prednisolone

 

9

  

1

    

10 (1.58)

 Remdesivir

 

2

     

1

 

3 (0.47)

 Ribavirin

 

1

      

1

2 (0.32)

 Ritonavir

 

2

      

1

3 (0.47)

 Spiramycin

 

1

       

1 (0.16)

 Tenofovir fumarate

        

1

1 (0.16)

 Tocilizumab

 

80

 

8

     

88 (13.86)

 Trimethoprim

 

1

       

1 (0.16)

 Vancomycin

 

1

       

1 (0.16)

 Valacyclovir

   

1

     

1 (0.16)

 Valganciclovir

 

3

       

3 (0.47)

 Antibiotics (non-specified)

       

1

2

3 (0.47)

 Antivirals (non-specified)

        

2

2 (0.32)

 Steroids (non-specified)

 

100

 

23

   

1

4

128 (20.16)

Total

0

420

1

192

3

0

0

7

12

635 (100.00)

Procedures

 ECMO

 

3

 

4

     

7 (3.33)

 Invasive ventilation

 

89

 

85

     

174 (82.86)

 Non-invasive ventilation

 

10

 

7

     

17 (8.10)

 Renal replacement therapy

   

6

     

6 (2.56)

 Surgical tracheostomy

 

2

       

2 (0.95)

 Oxygen support

 

2

 

1

    

1

4 (1.90)

Total

0

106

0

103

0

0

0

0

1

210 (100.00)

  1. ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, AKI acute kidney injury, ALI acute liver injury, AMI acute myocardial injury, ALT alanine transaminase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, CRP C-reactive protein, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, HBV hepatitis B virus, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, EBV Epstein Barr virus, CMV cytomegalovirus, HHV human Herpes virus, VZV varicella zoster virus
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