Table 1 Clinical characteristics and outcomes of the study population
From: Risk factors of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in COVID-19: a matched case–control study
PNX/PNM (n = 24) | Control group (n = 48) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 64.0 (60.0–74.0) | 66.0 (56.5–74.0) | 0.952 |
Sex, male | 21 (87.5) | 42 (87.5) | > 0.99 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.4 (20.4–24.6) | 24.5 (22.0–27.3) | 0.033 |
NIAID—Ordinal scale | |||
5 | 2 (8.3) | 4 (8.3) | > 0.99 |
6 | 4 (16.7) | 8 (16.7) | |
7 | 8 (33.3) | 16 (33.3) | |
8 | 10 (41.7) | 20 (41.7) | |
Prone position during treatment | 14 (58.3) | 21 (43.8) | 0.359 |
Hypertension | 15 (62.5) | 27 (56.2) | 0.800 |
Diabetes mellitus | 8 (33.3) | 20 (41.7) | 0.669 |
Coronary artery disease | 7 (29.2) | 6 (12.5) | 0.108 |
Heart failure | 0 | 4 (8.3) | 0.294 |
Cardiac arrhythmia | 1 (4.2) | 7 (14.6) | 0.255 |
COPD | 1 (4.2) | 2 (4.2) | > 0.99 |
Asthma | 4 (16.7) | 1 (2.1) | 0.039 |
Interstitial lung disease | 0 | 1 (2.1) | > 0.99 |
Chronic kidney disease | 1 (4.2) | 6 (12.5) | 0.412 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 0 | 4 (8.3) | 0.294 |
Solid cancer | 3 (12.5) | 9 (18.8) | 0.739 |
Hematologic malignancy | 2 (8.3) | 1 (2.1) | 0.256 |
Solid organ transplant | 1 (4.2) | 3 (6.2) | > 0.99 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) | 0.976 |
Smoking | |||
Current | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.2) | 0.542 |
Previous | 8 (33.3) | 13 (27.1) | |
Never | 16 (66.7) | 33 (68.8) | |
COVID-19 treatment | |||
Steroid | 22 (91.7) | 48 (100.0) | 0.128 |
High-dose steroid (higher than dexamethasone 6 mg) | 16 (66.7) | 36 (75.0) | 0.323 |
Remdesivir | 20 (83.3) | 44 (91.7) | 0.300 |
2nd immunomodulatory agents | |||
Baricitinib | 1 (4.2) | 2 (4.2) | 0.562 |
Tocilizumab | 12 (50.0) | 26 (54.2) | |
Superimposed pneumonia | 15 (62.5) | 22 (45.8) | |
Community-acquired pneumonia | 1 (4.2) | 1 (2.1) | > 0.99 |
Hospital-acquired pneumonia | 13 (54.2) | 19 (39.6) | 0.356 |
COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis | 1 (4.2) | 5 (10.4) | 0.651 |
White blood cell, 103/μL | 11.3 (7.5–16.2) | 9.9 (5.6–16.3) | 0.427 |
Lymphocyte, 103/μL | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) | 0.272 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.7 (8.6–12.0) | 11.4 (8.9–13.4) | 0.249 |
Platelet count, 103/μL | 190.5 (139.5–296.0) | 160.0 (94.0–268.5) | 0.219 |
International normalized ratio | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.001 |
D-dimer, ng/mL | 548.0 (325.5–2019.5) | 960.0 (402.0–3554.0) | 0.111 |
Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L | 33.0 (23.0–50.5) | 43.0 (31.0–66.5) | 0.068 |
Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 44.5 (24.5–63.5) | 33.0 (21.5–59.5) | 0.345 |
Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–1.0) | 0.431 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 25.0 (17.4–30.4) | 26.5 (20.7–36.8) | 0.330 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.7 (0.6–1.0) | 0.164 |
Lactate dehydrogenase, IU/L | 396.0 (303.5–484.5) | 441.0 (355.5–588.5) | 0.063 |
Ferritin, ng/mL | 593.3 (240.7–927.6) | 886.8 (563.4–1486.5) | 0.013 |
C-reactive protein, mg/L | 18.1 (2.2–71.0) | 52.8 (16.9–115.0) | 0.057 |
Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–1.0) | 0.077 |
Arterial lactate, mmol/L | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) | 1.7 (1.4–2.2) | 0.487 |
Plasma interleukin 6, pg/mL | 108.0 (72.7–383.0) | 89.0 (34.4–592.0) | 0.557 |
SOFA score | 6.5 (2.0–8.0) | 5.0 (2.0–8.0) | 0.990 |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 156.3 (140.9–179.4) | 141.7 (110.0–196.4) | 0.674 |
In-hospital mortality | 10 (41.7) | 20 (41.7) | > 0.99 |
From symptom onset to hospitalization date, d | 4.0 (3.0–5.5) | 3.5 (2.0–7.0) | 0.805 |
Length of stay, d | 33.0 (17.5–63.0) | 20.5 (13.0–31.0) | 0.061 |