Table 3 Antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19
Author | n | N | Patient groups | Antibiotics used |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Amit et al., 2020 (3) | 131 | 156 | Critically ill | NR |
Asmarawati et al., 2021 (4)* | 164 | 218 | Moderate to critically ill | Quinolones (60.1%), cephalosporins (28.4%), carbapenem (23.8%), and aminoglycosides (5.6%) |
Baraboutis et al., 2020 (7) | 33 | 49 | Not specific: General | NR |
Bardi et al., 2021 (8) | 105 | 140 | Critically ill | Ceftriaxone (120, 86%) and/or azithromycin (118, 84%) |
Barrasa et al., 2020 (9) | 42 | 48 | Critically ill | Ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, beta-lactams, azithromycin, linezolid |
Barry et al., 2020 (10) | 53 | 99 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR |
Basakaran et al., 2021 (11) | 241 | 254 | Critically ill | NR |
Bhatt et al., 2021 (12) | 301 | 375 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Most common: ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and piperacillin-tazobactam |
Buckner et al., 2020 (13) | 51 | 105 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR |
Chen et al., 2021 (15) | 60 | 408 | Not specific: General | NR |
Cheng et al., 2020 (16)* | 52 | 147 | Not specific: General | Penicillin & cephalosporins = 46, tetracyclines = 14, quinolones = 3, macrolides = 3 |
Chengy et al., 2020 (17) | 45 | 64 | Not specific: General | NR |
Chong et al., 2021 (18) | 205 | 244 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR |
D’Onofrio et al., 2020 (21)* | 93 | 110 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR |
Desai et al., 2020 (22) | 494 | 536 | Not specific: General | Included a combination of ceftriaxone 2 g intramuscular/intravenous twice daily for 7–10 days and azithromycin 500 mg oral once daily for 3 consecutive days. levofloxacin 750 mg oral/intravenous once daily for 5 days was administered when contraindication |
Elabbadi et al., 2021 (25)* | 58 | 101 | Critically ill | NR |
Fan et al., 2021 (27) | 29 | 55 | Not specific: General | Moxifloxacin (19/29, 65.52%), Linezolid (3/29, 10.34%) |
Goncalves et al., 2021 (30)* | 162 | 242 | Not specific: General | NR |
Huang et al., 2020 (34) | 41 | 41 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR |
Huang et al., 2020 (34) | 13 | 13 | Critically ill | NR |
Hunieres et al., 2021 (37) | 88 | 197 | Critically ill | NR |
Karaba et al., 2021 (38)* | 717 | 1016 | Not specific: General | NR |
Karami et al., 2021 (39)* | 556 | 925 | Not specific: General | Amoxicillin/benzylpenicillin (34, 6.1%), Ceftriaxone (95, 17.1%), Cefuroxime (350, 62.9%) Other antibiotics (48, 8.6%) |
Kolenda et al., 2020 (41) | 15 | 99 | Critically ill | Mainly amoxicillin and clavulanic acid or third generation cephalosporins associated with macrolides |
Li et al., 2020 (43) | 148 | 225 | Not specific: General | Moxifloxacin and others |
Liu et al., 2020 (45) | 128 | 140 | Not specific: General | NR |
Liu et al., 2021 (47) | 792 | 1123 | Not specific: General | Fluoroquinolones (59.3%) Moxifloxacin (36.4%) |
Mousav Movahed et al., 2021 (51) | 243 | 854 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR |
Nassir et al., 2021 (52) | 82 | 100 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR |
Nebreda et al., 2020 (53) | 84 | 712 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR |
Pulia et al., 2021 (54) | 27 | 73 | Not specific: General | NR |
Quatuccio et al., 2020 (55) | 9 | 69 | SOC overall | NR |
Rothe et al., 2020 (58)* | 22 | 56 | critically ill | Various mentioned: most common piperacillin-tazobactam |
Rothe et al., 2020 (58)* | 109 | 135 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Various mentioned: most common ampicillin/sulbactam |
Seaton et al., 2020 (59)* | 219 | 421 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Various antibiotics, most common including: doxycycline, amoxicillin, co-amoxiclav, piperacillin-tazobactam and vancomycin among others |
Seaton et al., 2020 (59)* | 71 | 110 | Critically ill | Various antibiotics, most common including: meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam and co-amoxiclav |
Shah et al., 2020 (60) | 17 | 26 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Majority received vancomycin, tazocin, cefepime, or ceftriaxone |
Shao et al., 2020 (61) | 81 | 126 | Not specific: General l | NR |
Sharifipour et al., 2020 (62) | 19 | 19 | Critically ill | NR |
Soogard et al., 2021 (65) | 71 | 162 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Antibiotics or antifungals |
Soogard et al., 2021 (65) | 36 | 41 | Critically ill | Antibiotics or antifungals |
Staub et al., 2021 (66) | 86 | 131 | Not specific: General | NR |
Stevens et al., 2021 (67) | 33 | 346 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Most common: piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftriaxone and azithromycin |
Tang et al., 2021 (68) | 58 | 72 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Levofloxacin = 21, moxifloxacin = 22, levofloxacin swapped to moxifloxacin = 5, among others |
Towsend et al., 2020 (70)* | 84 | 117 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Treated as lower respiratory tract infection |
Vanhomwegen et al., 2021 (71)* | 54 | 66 | Critically ill | NR |
Vaughn et al., 2021 (72) | 965 | 1705 | Not specific: General | The most commonly prescribed empirical antibiotics were ceftriaxone (663/1705, 38.9%), vancomycin (235/1705, 13.8%), doxycycline (185/1705, 10.9%), and cefepime (177/1705, 10.4%) |
Wan et al., 2020 (73) | 59 | 135 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR |
Wan et al., 2020 (73) | 35 | 40 | Severe and critically ill | NR |
Wang et al., 2020 (74) | 27 | 28 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR |
Wang et al., 2020 (74) | 14 | 14 | Critically ill | NR |
Yang et al., 2020 (78) | 172 | 251 | Not specific: General | NR |
Zhang et al., 2020 (82) | 131 | 134 | Critically ill | NR |
Zhang et al., 2021 (83) | 21 | 91 | Elderly | NR |
Zhang et al., 2020 (84) | 251 | 365 | Not specific: General | NR |
Zhao et al., 2020 (85) | 783 | 1000 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR |
Xu et al., 2021 (77) | 58 | 62 | Critically ill | NR |