Study | n | N | Patient group | Definition of bacterial co-infection | Microorganism identified |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alharty et al., 2020 (1) | 25 | 352 | Critically ill | Nosocomial acquired bacterial infection by culture (15 VAP + 10 CLI) | Most common: Acinetobacter baumannii, and MRSA |
Allou et al., 202 1(2) | 3 | 36 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Co-infections. Method: Measured by multiplex PCR, pneumococcal and Legionella urinary antigen tests, cytobacteriological examination of sputum cultures, and serology of atypical respiratory pathogens | Branhamella catarrhalis = 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza = 1 MSSA = 1 |
Amit et al., 2020 (3) | 27 | 156 | Critically ill | Secondary infection. Method: NR | NR |
Asmarawati et al., 2021 (4) | 43 | 218 | Moderate to Critically ill | Expressed as co-infection and secondary infections Method: Blood and sputum and urine cultures | Most common presented Blood culture: ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas spp. Sputum: Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae |
Ayding Bahat et al., 2020 (5) | 7 | 25 | Haemodialysis | Secondary infection. Method: NR | NR |
Balena et al., 2020 (6) | 32 | 128 | Elderly | At least one secondary infection by authors. Method: NR | NR |
Baraboutis et al., 2020 (7) | 0 | 49 | Overall | Blood and sputum cultures, urine pneumococcal and legionella antigen | NR |
Bardi et al., 2021 (8) | 57 | 140 | Not specific: General | Nosocomial infection (30 LRTI, 21 VAP, 28 BSI, 24 CRBSI, 7 UTI, 2 soft tissue infections) Method: Cultures | Most common presented: BSI: Enterococcus faecium (43%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (21%) CRBSI: coagulase-negative staphylococci (54%), Enterococus faecium (17%) VAP: Staphylococcus aureus (24%) |
Barrasa et al., 2020 (9) | 3 | 48 | Critically ill | NR | NR |
Barry et al., 2020 (10) | 9 | 99 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Sputum culture and blood culture | Sputum culture: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia = 1, Klebsiella pneumoniae = 1 Blood culture: Staphylococcus epidermidis = 4; Enterococcus faecalis = 1; Corynebacterium amycolatum = 1; Bacillus pumilus = 1 |
Basakaran et al., 2021 (11)* | 14 | 254 | Critically ill | Method: Standard culture (blood, sputum, tracheal-aspirate, bronchoalveolar lavage, urine) and validated culture-independent tests such as respiratory viral PCR and urinary antigens | The most common potential co-pathogens identified were Gram negative bacteria, including Klebsiella spp. (23) and Escherichia coli (20) |
Bhatt et al., 2021 (12) | 128 | 375 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Blood culture | Most common: Staphylococcus epidermidis, MSSA Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, MRSA |
Chen et al., 2020 (14) | 2 | 203 | Elderly | Method: PCR | Mycoplasma pneumoniae = 2 |
Chen et al., 2021 (15)* | 25 | 408 | Not specific: General | Method: Blood culture, respiratory culture, serology, PCR and metagenomic next-generation sequencing | Mycoplasma pneumoniae = 3 Haemophilus influenzae = 6 Klebsiella pneumoniae = 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae = 1 Staphylococcus aureus + Streptococcus pneumoniae = 1 Staphilococcus aureus + Haemophilus influenzae = 1 MRSA + Haemophilis influenzae + Streptococcus pneumoniae = 1 |
Cheng et al., 2020 (16)* | 12 | 147 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Blood culture, respiratory culture, serology, PCR | MSSA + Haemophilus influenzae = 1, MSSA = 8, Pseudomonas aeruginosa = 1, Haemophilus influenza = 2 |
Chengy et al., 2020 (17) | 43 | 64 | Not specific: General | Method: Positive culture or clinical/laboratory suspicion | NR |
Chong et al., 2021 (18)* | 13 | 244 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Respiratory tract cultures ± concurrent positive blood culture | Haemophilus influenzae = 3, Klebsiella penumoniae = 3 Pseudomona aeruginosa + MSSA = 3, Corynebacterium striatum = 2 MRSA = 2 Others = Citrobacter freundii, Moraxella catarrhalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella aerogenes (respiratory culture) |
Choubey et al., 2021 (19) | 8 | 209 | Not specific: General | Method: Mycoplasma pneumoniae serology | Mycoplasma pneumoniae = 8 |
Contou et al., 2020 (20)* | 26 | 92 | Critically ill | Method: Cultures, PCR, antigen | Most common: MSSA (10/32, 31%), Haemophilus influenzae (7/32, 22%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (6/32, 19%), Enterobacteriaceae spp. (5/32, 16%) |
D’Onofrio et al., 2020 (21)* | 3 | 10 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Cultures, PCR, antigen | Staphylococus hominis = 1, Corynebacterium aurimucosum = 1, Streptococcus pyogenes = 1 |
Desai et al., 2020 (22) | 68 | 536 | Not specific: General | Method: Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen (u-Ag) | Streptococcus pneumoniae = 68 |
Dolci et al., 2020 (23) | 33 | 83 | Not specific: General | Definition/Method: positivity of blood cultures and/or of cultures of lower respiratory tract specimens (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or bronchial aspirate) | NR |
Ekadashi et al., 2021 (24) | 15 | 158 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Blood culture | Coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. (11, 73.3%) |
Elabbadi et al., 2021 (25)* | 20 | 101 | Critically ill | Method: Culture (respiratory, blood), urinary antigen | Gram positive = 11, Gram negative = 13 |
Falcone et al., 2021 (26)* | 69 | 315 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Definition: Hospital acquired > 48 h Method: Blood culture | Enterobacterales (44.9%), non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli (15.6%), Gram positive bacteria (15.6%)** |
Garcia-Vidal., 2021 (28)* | 21 | 989 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Culture (respiratory, blood), urinary antigen. < 24 h | Streptococcus pneumoniae + Moraxella catarrhalis = 1 Staphylococcus aureus + Haemophilus influenzae = 1 |
Gayam et al., 2020 (29)* | 6 | 350 | Not specific: General | Method: Mycoplasma PCR | Mycoplasma pneumoniae = 6 |
Goncalves et al., 2021 (30)* | 46 | 242 | Not specific: General | Definition/Method: Clinical features and positive blood, sputum, urine, or tissue culture results | NR |
Guan et al., 2020 (31) | 5 | 61 | Not specific: General | Method: Blood and respiratory culture | Gram negative bacteria = 2 Gram negative + Gram positive bacteria = 3 |
He et al., 2020 (32) | 125 | 192 | Not specific: General | Method: PCR | Streptococcus pneumoniae = 14, Bordetella pertussis = 19, Streptococcus.pyogenes = 3, Staphylococcus aureus = 1, Mycobacterium tuberculosis = 7, Neisseria meningitidis = 7, Haemophilus influenzae = 17, Pseudomonas aeruginosa = 57 |
He et al., 2021 (33)* | 86 | 905 | Not specific: General | Definition/Method: Clinical diagnosis based on clinical findings combined with laboratory and radiology findings | NR |
Huang et al., 2020 (34) | 4 | 41 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Definition/Method: Positive culture of a new pathogen from a lower respiratory tract specimen | NR |
Huang et al., 2020 (34) | 4 | 13 | Critically illl | Definition/Method: Positive culture of a new pathogen from a lower respiratory tract specimen | NR |
Huang et al., 2021 (35) | 7 | 41 | Critically illl | Method: Culture NB: Majority of infections were considered nosocomial | NR |
Hughes et al., 2020 (36) | 21 | 643 | Not specific: General | Method: Blood culture, respiratory culture, pneumococcal antigen, Legionella antigen | CRBSI: Klebsiella pneumoniae = 1, VAP: Enterobacter cloacae = 1 CLI: Enterococcus spp. = 2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa = 1 |
Humières et al., 2021 (37) | 88 | 197 | Critically ill | Definition/Method: Nosocomial infections. Clinical features and positive blood, sputum, urine, or tissue culture results | NR |
Karaba et al., 2021 (38)* | 12 | 1016 | Not specific: General | Definition/Method: Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic criteria plus microbiologic diagnosis | Only confirmed: Sputum culture: MSSA = 1 |
Karami et al., 2021 (39)* | 12 | 925 | Not specific: General | Method: Respiratory cultures, pneumococcal antigen, Legionella antigen | Most common: Staphylococcus.aureus, Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
Kimming et al., 2020 (40) | 16 | 58 | Critically ill. Soc | Definition: Including hospital acquired infections Method: Cultures | NR |
Kolenda et al., 2020 (41) | 15 | 99 | Critically ill | Method: PCR and culture | Most common: Staphylococcus.aureus,and Haemophilus influenzae |
Lardaro et al., 2021 (42)* | 6 | 542 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Blood cultures | NR |
Li et al., 2020 (a) (44) | 102 | 1495 | Not specific: General | Method: Cultures | Acinetobacter baumannii (57/159, 35.8%), Klebsiella. pneumoniae (49/159, 30.8%,), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (10/159, 6.3%) |
Mady et al., 2020 (48) | 11 | 61 | Critically ill | Definition: Including hospital acquired infections Method: Blood and respiratory cultures | Blood culture: Staphylococcus aureus = NR, Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (sensitive to tigecycline) = NR, Acinetobacter baumannii = NR VAP: Pseudomonas spp. = 3, Acinetobacter baumannii = 3 |
Mahmoudi et al., 2020 (49) | 36 | 340 | Not specific: General | Method: Endotracheal and blood cultures | Klebsiella spp. (11, 25.59%), MSSA (9, 20.93%), Escherichia.coli (7, 16.28%), MRSA (6, 13.95%), Enterobacter spp. (5, 11.63%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1, 2.32%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4, 9.30%) |
Mason et al., 2021 (50) | 40 | 800 | Not specific: General | Method: Sputum, blood, urine ag, Mycoplasma PCR | NR |
Nassir et al., 2021 (52) | 50 | 100 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Blood and respiratory cultures | NR |
Nebreda et al., 2020 (53)* | 39* | 712 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Blood and respiratory culture | Most common: Gram negative bacilli (59%), Escherichia.coli (47%) Enterococcus faecalis (21%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (33%) and Staphylococcus aureus (33%) |
Quartuccio et al., 2020 (55) | 0 | 69 | SOCa | Method: Respiratory and blood cultures | NR |
Richardson et al., 2020 (56) | 3 | 5700 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: PCR for extensive respiratory panel including atypical bacteria | Chlamydia pneumoniae = 2 Mycoplasma pneumoniae = 1 |
Rippa et al., 2021 (57) | 68 | 731 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Definition: Clearly stated as secondary co-infection within > 48 h of admission | BSIs: Gram positive bacteria (76/106, 71.7%), of which 53/76, 69.7% were coagulase-negative staphylococci BSIs: Gram negative bacteria (23/106, 21.7%), of which 7/23, 30.4% Acinetobacter baumannii, and 5/23, 21.7% were Escherichia coli LRTIs: Gram-negative bacteria (14/26, 53.8%) |
Rothe et al., 2020 (58) | 10 | 118 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Blood cultures, Legionella pneumophila and Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigens | Only blood cultures were positive (n = 10) |
Shah et al., 2020 (60) | 1 | 33 | Overall | Method: Blood and respiratory cultures | Blood culture: Enterococcus faecium = 1 Respiratory culture: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia = 1 |
Shao et al., 2020 (61) | 56 | 126 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR | NR |
Sharifipour et al., 2020 (62) | 19 | 19 | Critically ill | Definition: nosocomial infections Method: Cultures | Acinetobacter baumannii (17, 90%) Staphylococcus aureus (2, 10%) |
Silva et al., 2021 (63) | 64 | 212 | Critically ill | Method: Cultures | Staphylococcus spp. (29, 45.3%), Acinetobacter spp. (21, 32.8%), Pseudomonas spp. (21, 32.8%), Stenotrophomonas spp. (9, 14.06%), Klebsiella spp. (8, 12.5%), Enterobacter spp. (6, 9.4%), Enterococcus spp. (6, 9.4%), and Escherichia coli (4, 6%) |
Singh et al., 2021 (64) | 1413 | 4259 | Overall | Method: Cultures, serology and PCR | Heamophilus influenzae (9.27%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.17%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1.94%) |
Soogard et al., 2021 (65)* | 1 | 162 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Definition/Method: Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia was defined as a microbiology-confirmed pneumonia diagnosed concurrent with SARS-CoV-2 infection or within < 48 h of hospital admission | NR |
Tang et al., 2021 (68) | 5 | 78 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Mycoplasma pneumonia PCR | Mycoplasma pneumoniae = 5 |
Thelen et al., 2021 (69)* | 7 | 678 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Blood cultures | Escherichia coli = 2, Klebsiella pneumoniae = 1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa = 1, Streptococcus pneumoniae = 2, Staphylococcus aureus = 1 |
Towsend et al., 2020 (70)* | 7 | 117 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Cultures and urinary antigen | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae,. Oxytoca, Klebsiella aerogenes, MSSA, Streptococcus pneumoniae |
Vanhomwegen et al., 2021 (71)* | 7 | 66 | Critically ill | Method: Respiratory or blood cultures | NR |
Vaughn et al., 2021 (72)* | 59 | 1705 | Not specific: general | Method: Blood and sputum cultures, urine pneumococcal and legionella antigen, Mycoplasma pneumonia or Chlamydophila pneumonia PCR | NR |
Wan et al., 2020 (73) | 7 | 135 | Not specific: General including critically ill | NR | NR |
Wan et al., 2020 (73) | 7 | 40 | Severe and critically ill | NR | NR |
Wang et al., 2020 (75) | 143 | 339 | Elderly | NR | NR |
Wang et al., 2021 (76)* | 37 | 1396 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Method: Blood, lower respiratory tract, urine and other cultures | Blood cultures: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella variicola, Proteus mirabilis, MRSA, MSSA and Staphylococcus epidermidis Respiratory cultures: Escherichia coli (ESBL-producing), group A streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MSSA |
Zhang et al., 2020 (79) | 17 | 221 | Not specific: General including critically ill | Definition/Method NR. Likely nosocomial | Mons common: A.baumannii, Escherichia coli = NR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus = NR |
Zhang et al., 2020 (80) | 5 | 58 | Not specific: general | Method: IgM | Mycoplasma pneumoniae = 5 |
Zhang et al., 2020 (81) | 22 | 38 | Critically ill | Definition: VAP Method: Cultures | Gram negative bacteria (26, 50.00%), Gram positive bacteria (14, 26.92%), virus (6, 11.54%), fungi (4, 7.69%), and others (2, 3.85%) |
Zhang et al., 2021 (83) | 12 | 91 | Elderly | NR | NR |
Zhang et al., 2020 (84) | 228 | 365 | Not specific: general | NR | NR |