Author | Year | Country | Study design | Setting | Level of healthcare system | HIV prevalence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boehme [30] | 2011 | Multipleb | Pre/post | Urban | Mixed | 0.19 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yoon [50] | 2012 | Uganda | Pre/post | Urban | Tertiary | 0.76 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Kwak [51] | 2013 | South Korea | Observational | Urban | Tertiary | 0.27 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Chaisson [52] | 2014 | USA | Hypothetical | Urban | Tertiary | NR | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Cohen [53] | 2014 | South Africa | Observational | Urban | Tertiary | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Cox [54] | 2014 | South Africa | Parallel Cl. RCT | Urban | Primary | 0.60 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Durovni [32] | 2014 | Brazil | St.-we CI. RCT | Urban | Primary | 0.10 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mupfumi [34] | 2014 | Zimbabwe | Ind. RCT | Urban | Tertiary | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sohn [55] | 2014 | Canada | Hypothetical | Urban | Tertiary | 0.02 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Theron [37] | 2014 | Multiplea | Ind. RCT | Urban | Primary | 0.6 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Calligaro [56] | 2015 | South Africa | Observational | Urban | Tertiary | 0.27 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Muyoyeta [57] | 2015 | Zambia | Observational | Urban | Primary | 0.52 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Page [35] | 2015 | Cambodia | Observational | NR | NR | NR | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Page [35] | 2015 | Kenya | Observational | NR | NR | NR | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Page [35] | 2015 | Swaziland | Observational | NR | NR | NR | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
van den Handel [58] | 2015 | South Africa | Observational | Rural | Primary | 0.28 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hanrahan [59] | 2016 | Uganda | Observational | NR | NR | 0.69 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Akanbi [60] | 2017 | Nigeria | Observational | Urban | Tertiary | 1.00 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Calligaro [61] | 2017 | South Africa, Zimbabwe | Randomized, parallel group trial | Urban | Primary | 0.58 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mwansa-Kambafwile [62] | 2017 | South Africa | Observational | Urban | Primary | 0.73 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Schmidt [63] | 2017 | South Africa | Observational | Rural | Primary | NR | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Shete [36] | 2017 | Uganda | Single arm interventional pilot | Rural | Primary | 0.53 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
de Castro [64] | 2018 | Brazil | Observational | Urban | Primary | 0.05 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Khumsri [65] | 2018 | Thailand | RCT | Urban | Tertiary | NR | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mugauri [66] | 2018 | Zimbabwe | Observational | Urban | Primary | NR | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Agizew [67] | 2019 | Bostwana | St.-we CI. RCT | NR | Primary | 1 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Le [68] | 2019 | Vietnam | Observational | Rural | Tertiary | NR | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nalugwa [69] | 2020 | Uganda | Observational | NR | Tertiary | 0.838 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Author | Year | Diagnostic delay | Treatment initiation delay | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Index | Comparator | Term | Time period | Index | Comparator | Term | Time period | ||||||
n | Median (IQR) (days) | n | Median (IQR) (days) | n | Median (IQR) (days) | n | Median (IQR) (days) | ||||||
Boehme [30] | 2011 | 1429 | 1 day (0–2) | 3659 | Smear: 2 days (2–3) Culture: 58 days (42–62) | Time to detection | Collection of first sputum to receiving result by clinicians | 1907 | 5 daysd (2–8) | 4734 | 56 days (39–81) | Time to treatment initiation | First sputum collection to time to treatment initiation |
Yoon [50] | 2012 | 190 | Same day (0–1) | 246 | 1 day (0–26) | Time to detection | Enrolment to first positive result | 190 | 6 daysd (1–61) | 246 | 7 days (3–53) | Time-to-TB treatment | Enrolment to treatment initiation |
Kwak [51] | 2013 | 681 | 6 days (3–7) | 681 | Smear: 12 days (7–19.25) Culture: 38.5 (35.75–50.25) | Time to confirmation of receipt of results | Request of diagnostic test to confirmation of results by duty physician | 43 | 7 days (4–9) | 86 | 21 days (7–33.5) | Time to anti-TB treatment | Request of diagnostic test to initiation of ATT |
Chaisson [52] | 2014 | 142 | 1 day (0–2) | 142 | 2 days (1–4) | Time to result | Order for admission to time to reporting results | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Cohen [53] | 2014 | 156 | 6.3 days (5.3–8.1) | 90 | 3.3 days (2.1–5.2) | Total diagnostic time | Sputum collection to clinician receipt of result | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Cox [54] | 2014 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 982 | 4 days (2–8) | 1003 | 8 days (2–27) | Time to TB treatment initiation | Enrolmentc to treatment initiation |
Durovni [32] | 2014 | 1385 | 7.3 days (3.4–9.0) | 831 | 7.5 days (4.9–10.0) | Time to positive result | Specimen processing to lab-confirmed TB notification | 1385 | 8.1 days (5.4–9.3) | 831 | 11.4 days (8.5–14.5) | Time to treatment initiation | NR |
Mupfumi [34] | 2014 | 214 | 2 days (1–13) | 210 | 6 days (1–25) | Time to diagnosis | Clinical presentation (baseline visit) to TB diagnosis | 214 | 5 days (3–13) | 210 | 8 days (3–23) | Time to treatment initiation | Clinical presentation (baseline visit) to treatment initiation |
Sohn [55] | 2014 | 11 | 1 day (0–4) | 11 | Smear: 1 day (1–2) Culture: 21.5 days (14–30) | Time to diagnosis | Time between first sample and the positive Xpert result | 11 | Hypothetically reduce by 12 days (4–23) in smear negative TB patient | 11 | 26 days (4–30) | Time to reporting | Time from first sample to treatment initiation |
Theron [37] | 2014 | NR | 81% diagnosed on same day | NR | 43% diagnosed on same day | NR | NR | 744 | Same day (0–3) | 758 | 1 day (0–4) | Time to treatment | Enrolmentc to treatment initiation |
Calligaro [56] | 2015 | 111 | 0.2 days (0.2–0.3) | 115 | 12.1 days (0.3–22.2) | Time to diagnosis | NA | 111 | 0.3 days (0.2–1.2) | 115 | 0.7 days (0.2–2.2) | Time to initiation of treatment | NR |
Muyoyeta [57] | 2015 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 553 | 2 days (1–5) | 212 | 3 days (2–6) | Time to TB treatment | Date to first presentation to diagnostic services to date pt. was commenced on TB treatment |
Page [35] | 2015 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 15 | 16 days (6–33) | 77 | 4 days (2–6) | Delay in treatment initiation | Collection of first specimen and treatment start |
Page [35] | 2015 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 17 | 4 days (2–7) | 3 | 1 day (1–35) | ||
Page [35] | 2015 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |  | 63 | 6.5 days (3–10) | 7 | 8 days (1–11) | ||
van den Handel [58] | 2015 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 75 | 1 day (0–2) | 68 | 11.5 days (6–24) | Time to treatment | First sputum sample collection to anti-TB treatment initiation |
Hanrahan [59] | 2016 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 48 | 0 days (0–0) | 39 | Empiric: 14 days (5–35) Culture: 144 days (28–180) | Time to treatment | Sputum collection to TB treatment |
Akanbi [60] | 2017 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 56 | 5 days (2–8) | 20 | 12 days (5–35) | Time to treatment | Baseline visit (specimen collection) to treatment initiation |
Calligaro [61] | 2017 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 435 | 1 day (0.1–4) | 413 | 4 days (1–31) | Time-to-treatment initiation | Enrolment to initiated on treatment |
Mwansa-Kambafwile [62] | 2017 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 177 | 0 days (0–0) | 21 | 9 days (4–20) | Time to treatment initiation | NR to treatment initiation |
Schmidt [63] | 2017 | 851 | 0 days (0–1) | 738 | 2 days (1–22) | Time to laboratory diagnosis | Sputum sample collection to test result reported | 851 | 4 days (2–8) | NR | NR | Time to TB treatment initiation | Time from sputum sample collection to time when TB treatment was recorded as being initiated |
Shete [36] | 2017 | 1091 | 1 day (0–2) | 54 | 1 day (0–2) | Time-to-diagnosis | NR | 41 | 6 days (2–11) | 113 | 1 day (0–1) | Time-to-treatment | NR |
de Castro [64] | 2018 | 24 | 6 days (2–8) | 41 | 3 days (2–6) | Time from triage to NR | Triage to lab test result release | 24 | 14.5 days (8–28) | 41 | 8 days (6–12) | Time from triage to NR | Triage to treatment initiation |
Khumsri [65] | 2018 | 40 | 1.88e (SD 1.07) | 36 | 4.11e (SD 2.22) | Time to get correct diagnosis | Outpatient department visit to receive correct diagnosis | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Mugauri [66] | 2018 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 340 | 20.17Â dayse (SD 10.3) | 318 | 22.44Â dayse (SD 30.2) | Delay in treatment initiation from diagnosis | Diagnosis to treatment initiation |
Agizew [67] | 2019 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 159 | 6 days (2–17) | 42 | 22 days (3–51) | Time-to-treatment | Sputum collection to treatment initiation |
Le [68] | 2019 | 69 | 2 days (1–4) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 69 | 1 day (0–1) | 8 | 3 days (1–8) | Time to anti-TB treatment | Hospital admission to treatment initiation |
Nalugwa [69] | 2020 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 33 | 2 days (0–14) | NR | 0 days (0–1) | Time to treatment | NR to treatment initiation |